Fig. 4

Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on neuronal dendrites. A Summary of the cytokine addition assay. B Representative images of immunostaining of MAP2 + dendrites cultured with TNF-α, IL-1α, or both at DIV56. All neurons induced from 201B7 hiPSC line used in these images. Scale bar: 100 μm. C–G Results of (C) total length of MAP2 + dendrite, D average length of MAP2 + dendrite, E max length of MAP2 + dendrite, F MAP2 + dendrite count, and G branch point count of MAP2 + dendrite. Addition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the culture medium-induced shortening of the total length of MAP2 + dendrites in a manner similar to co-culture with GM-CSF MΦ. C One-way ANOVA test, F (6, 50) = 8.107, p < 0.0001, with post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. D One-way ANOVA test, F (6, 50) = 6.918, p < 0.0001, with post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. E One-way ANOVA test, F (6, 50) = 9.996, p < 0.0001, with post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. F One-way ANOVA test, F (6, 50) = 2.061, p = 0.0746, with post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. G One-way ANOVA test, F (6, 50) = 3.461, p = 0.0061, with post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. All post hoc Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were performed with the vehicle group as control. All, except the group of (+TNF-α + IL-1α, 100 ng/ml), n = 8 fields of 4 independent dishes from one time differentiations of two control healthy hiPSC lines each, n(+ TNF-α + IL-1α, 100 ng/ml) = 9 fields of 4 independent dishes from one time differentiations of two control healthy hiPSC lines each. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001