Cortico-basal ganglia white matter microstructure is linked to restricted repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder

Wilkes, Bradley J.; Archer, Derek B.; Farmer, Anna L.; Bass, Carly; Korah, Hannah; Vaillancourt, David E.; Lewis, Mark H.

doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00581-2

Molecular Autism

Table 2 Basal ganglia and cerebellar volumes

From: Cortico-basal ganglia white matter microstructure is linked to restricted repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder

Region of interest	% Total brain volume Mean ± Stdev		Diagnosis		Sex		Diagnosis * Sex
Region of interest	ASD	TD	p_raw	p_FDR	p_raw	p_FDR	p_raw	p_FDR
Caudate (L)	2.13E−01 ± 3.24E−02	2.15E−01 ± 3.41E−02	0.525	0.664	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.427	0.558
Caudate (R)	2.00E−01 ± 3.17E−02	2.03E−01 ± 3.32E−02	0.283	0.467	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.161	0.464
Putamen (L)	3.55E−01 ± 5.31E−02	3.66E−01 ± 5.09E−02	0.042	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.020	0.238
Putamen (R)	3.45E−01 ± 5.34E−02	3.55E−01 ± 5.14E−02	0.036	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.015	0.238
Nucleus accumbens (L)	7.94E−02 ± 1.12E−02	8.10E−02 ± 1.08E−02	0.126	0.301	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.112	0.453
Nucleus accumbens (R)	7.65E−02 ± 1.10E−02	7.89E−02 ± 1.12E−02	0.025	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.113	0.453
Globus pallidus external (L)	6.49E−02 ± 1.03E−02	6.63E−02 ± 9.75E−03	0.208	0.411	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.017	0.238
Globus pallidus external (R)	5.98E−02 ± 9.80E−03	6.13E−02 ± 8.91E−03	0.150	0.327	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.038	0.258
Globus pallidus internal (L)	2.36E−02 ± 4.07E−03	2.40E−02 ± 3.85E−03	0.271	0.465	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.006	0.238
Globus pallidus internal (R)	2.20E−02 ± 3.69E−03	2.32E−02 ± 3.92E−03	0.019	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.037	0.258
Subthalamic nucleus (L)	5.24E−03 ± 9.61E−04	5.36E−03 ± 1.10E−03	0.419	0.609	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.139	0.464
Subthalamic nucleus (R)	5.19E−03 ± 9.53E−04	5.16E−03 ± 1.00E−03	0.804	0.839	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.850	0.850
Substantia nigra (L)	1.19E−02 ± 1.81E−03	1.22E−02 ± 2.03E−03	0.292	0.467	0.003	**0.004	0.138	0.464
Substantia nigra (R)	1.20E−02 ± 1.81E−03	1.24E−02 ± 2.05E−03	0.112	0.301	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.040	0.258
Lobule I−IV (L)	2.80E−01 ± 4.96E−02	2.82E−01 ± 4.75E−02	0.547	0.673	0.029	*0.031	0.381	0.558
Lobule I–IV (R)	2.91E−01 ± 5.22E−02	2.95E−01 ± 4.60E−02	0.459	0.623	0.020	*0.022	0.252	0.504
Lobule V (L)	3.30E−01 ± 5.39E−02	3.40E−01 ± 5.16E−02	0.113	0.301	< 0.001	**0.001	0.390	0.558
Lobule V (R)	3.37E−01 ± 5.82E−02	3.48E−01 ± 5.28E−02	0.105	0.301	0.006	**0.008	0.432	0.558
Lobule VI (L)	6.28E−01 ± 1.15E−01	6.60E−01 ± 8.94E−02	0.023	0.277	0.002	**0.003	0.510	0.627
Lobule VI (vermis)	1.51E−01 ± 3.19E−02	1.56E−01 ± 3.01E−02	0.230	0.425	0.002	**0.002	0.228	0.504
Lobule VI (R)	5.58E−01 ± 9.53E−02	5.86E−01 ± 9.04E−02	0.018	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.523	0.627
Crus I (L)	1.02 ± 1.61E−01	1.05 ± 1.53E−01	0.069	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.832	0.850
Crus I (vermis)	1.14E−03 ± 3.41E−04	1.16E−03 ± 3.55E−04	0.580	0.696	< 0.001	**0.001	0.113	0.453
Crus I (R)	1.02 ± 1.44E−01	1.06 ± 1.50E−01	0.038	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.221	0.504
Crus II (L)	7.64E−01 ± 1.15E−01	7.70E−01 ± 1.35E−01	0.408	0.609	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.292	0.540
Crus II (vermis)	3.63E−02 ± 7.70E−03	3.80E−02 ± 7.77E−03	0.062	0.277	< 0.001	**0.001	0.365	0.558
Crus II (R)	7.32E−01 ± 1.09E−01	7.49E−01 ± 1.23E−01	0.115	0.301	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.105	0.453
Lobule VIIb (L)	3.57E−01 ± 5.39E−02	3.53E−01 ± 5.05E−02	0.859	0.877	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.164	0.464
Lobule VIIb (vermis)	1.28E−02 ± 2.93E−03	1.34E−02 ± 2.66E−03	0.127	0.301	0.005	**0.006	0.539	0.631
Lobule VIIb (R)	3.81E−01 ± 5.49E−02	3.80E−01 ± 5.22E−02	0.740	0.790	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.043	0.258
Lobule VIIIa (L)	3.95E−01 ± 6.30E−02	3.88E−01 ± 5.36E−02	0.660	0.773	0.001	**0.002	0.200	0.504
Lobule VIIIa (vermis)	8.75E−02 ± 1.55E−02	8.92E−02 ± 1.68E−02	0.414	0.609	0.007	**0.009	0.331	0.558
Lobule VIIIa (R)	3.53E−01 ± 5.34E−02	3.48E−01 ± 4.67E−02	0.712	0.778	0.009	*0.010	0.234	0.504
Lobule VIIIb (L)	3.42E−01 ± 5.20E−02	3.40E−01 ± 4.61E−02	0.999	0.999	0.049	*0.050	0.842	0.850
Lobule VIIIb (vermis)	4.29E−02 ± 7.65E−03	4.44E−02 ± 8.73E−03	0.112	0.301	0.001	**0.002	0.397	0.558
Lobule VIIIb (R)	3.34E−01 ± 5.50E−02	3.29E−01 ± 4.57E−02	0.714	0.778	0.221	0.221	0.820	0.850
Lobule IX (L)	2.59E−01 ± 4.33E−02	2.61E−01 ± 4.82E−02	0.701	0.778	0.015	*0.018	0.389	0.558
Lobule IX (vermis)	5.66E−02 ± 9.18E−03	5.81E−02 ± 9.38E−03	0.214	0.411	0.004	**0.006	0.164	0.464
Lobule IX (R)	2.59E−01 ± 4.30E−02	2.63E−01 ± 4.68E−02	0.451	0.623	0.032	*0.033	0.418	0.558
Lobule X (L)	6.37E−02 ± 1.09E−02	6.63E−02 ± 9.48E−03	0.059	0.277	< 0.001	**0.001	0.572	0.638
Lobule X (vermis)	2.71E−02 ± 5.09E−03	2.76E−02 ± 5.07E−03	0.494	0.641	0.009	*0.010	0.559	0.638
Lobule X (R)	5.37E−02 ± 9.79E−03	5.49E−02 ± 8.64E−03	0.261	0.463	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.442	0.558
Dentate nucleus (L)	9.67E−02 ± 1.63E−02	1.00E−01 ± 1.53E−02	0.067	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.337	0.558
Dentate nucleus (R)	1.06E−01 ± 1.84E−02	1.10E−01 ± 1.67E−02	0.113	0.301	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.253	0.504
Interposed nucleus (L)	1.19E−02 ± 2.26E−03	1.22E−02 ± 1.97E−03	0.210	0.411	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.323	0.558
Interposed nucleus (R)	1.23E−02 ± 2.39E−03	1.28E−02 ± 2.43E−03	0.132	0.301	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.178	0.476
Fastigial nucleus (L)	4.05E−03 ± 8.35E−04	4.13E−03 ± 8.28E−04	0.467	0.623	0.028	*0.031	0.700	0.763
Fastigial nucleus (R)	3.20E−03 ± 6.86E−04	3.37E−03 ± 7.15E−04	0.047	0.277	< 0.001	***< 0.001	0.262	0.504

Group means (± StDev), raw p values, and FDR corrected p values from 2 × 2 ANCOVA of basal ganglia and cerebellar volumes, as a percent of total brain volume, covaried for age and MRI scanner. Significant FDR corrected p values are bolded and indicated by *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. All ROIs with significant sex differences were female > male percent of total brain volumes

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