The association between social camouflage and mental health among autistic people in Japan and the UK: a cross-cultural study

Oshima, Fumiyo; Takahashi, Toru; Tamura, Masaki; Guan, Siqing; Seto, Mikuko; Hull, Laura; Mandy, William; Tsuchiya, Kenji; Shimizu, Eiji

doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00579-w

Molecular Autism

Table 2 Hierarchical regression models predicting generalised anxiety (Model 1), depression (Model 2), social anxiety (Model 3), and well-being (Model 4) according to age, autistic traits, and social camouflage in the Japanese and UK samples

From: The association between social camouflage and mental health among autistic people in Japan and the UK: a cross-cultural study

		Japan (N = 210)				UK (N = 305)
	Variable	β	p	95% CI		β	p	95% CI
	Variable	β	p	Lower	Upper	β	p	Lower	Upper
Model 1
(Generalised anxiety)
Step 1
	Age	0.053	0.403	− 0.071	0.177	− 0.129	0.059	− 0.245	− 0.013
	BAPQ	0.423	< 0.001	0.299	0.547	0.399	0.054	0.292	0.506
Step 2
	Age	0.066	0.321	− 0.064	0.195	− 0.089	0.060	− 0.210	0.032
	BAPQ	0.410	< 0.001	0.281	0.539	0.347	0.056	0.237	0.457
	CAT-Q	0.050	0.475	− 0.087	0.186	0.219	0.061	0.098	0.340
Step 3
	Age	0.072	0.267	− 0.055	0.200	− 0.089	0.060	− 0.210	0.032
	BAPQ	0.411	< 0.001	0.284	0.539	0.346	0.056	0.236	0.457
	CAT-Q	0.068	0.325	− 0.067	0.203	0.217	0.064	0.090	0.345
	CAT-Q²	0.168	0.007	0.045	0.290	− 0.005	0.056	− 0.115	0.104
Model 2
(Depression)
Step 1
	Age	0.074	0.229	− 0.046	0.193	− 0.151	0.058	− .0266	− 0.036
	BAPQ	0.488	< 0.001	0.368	0.608	0.370	0.054	0.265	0.476
Step2
	Age	0.092	0.145	− 0.032	0.216	− 0.129	0.061	− 0.250	−0.008
	BAPQ	0.469	< 0.001	0.345	0.593	0.342	0.055	0.233	0.450
	CAT-Q	0.073	0.265	− 0.055	0.201	0.122	0.062	− 0.003	0.246
Step 3
	Age	0.097	0.122	− 0.026	0.220	− 0.129	0.061	− .0250	− 0.008
	BAPQ	0.470	< 0.001	0.347	0.593	0.341	0.056	0.232	0.450
	CAT-Q	0.086	0.187	− 0.042	0.214	0.121	0.066	− 0.011	0.252
	CAT-Q²	0.121	0.045	0.002	0.240	− 0.004	0.058	− 0.118	0.110
Model 3
(Social anxiety)
Step 1
	Age	0.062	0.289	− 0.053	0.177	− 0.116	0.048	− .210	− 0.022
	BAPQ	0.592	< 0.001	0.481	0.704	0.600	0.047	0.508	0.692
Step 2
	Age	0.075	0.228	− 0.047	0.196	− 0.076	0.047	− 0.168	0.017
	BAPQ	0.580	< 0.001	0.463	0.697	0.547	0.047	0.454	0.640
	CAT-Q	0.048	0.437	− 0.074	0.171	0.224	0.048	0.130	0.319
Step 3
	Age	0.077	0.211	− 0.044	0.199	− .075	0.047	− 0.168	0.018
	BAPQ	0.580	< 0.001	0.463	0.698	0.545	0.047	0.452	0.638
	CAT-Q	0.056	0.372	− 0.067	0.179	0.219	0.052	0.117	0.322
	CAT-Q²	0.070	0.226	− 0.043	0.183	− 0.017	0.054	− 0.124	0.089
Model 4
(Well-being)
Step 1
	Age	− 0.088	0.137	− 0.204	0.028
	BAPQ	− 0.528	< 0.001	− 0.644	− 0.412
Step 2
	Age	− 0.046	0.443	− 0.165	0.072
	BAPQ	− 0.570	< 0.001	− 0.690	− 0.451
	CAT-Q	0.163	0.010	0.039	0.286
Step 3
	Age	− 0.052	0.389	− 0.169	0.066
	BAPQ	− 0.571	<0 .0001	− 0.690	− 0.453
	CAT-Q	0.149	0.018	0.026	0.272
	CAT-Q²	− 0.127	0.028	− 0.241	− 0.014

BAPQ Broad autism phenotype questionnaire; CAT-Q Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire; β Standardised beta; CI Confidence interval. In the UK sample, well-being was not measured. The quadratic term of standardised social camouflage scores (CAT-Q²) was added in Step 3

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ISSN: 2040-2392

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