Age-related changes in neural responses to sensory stimulation in autism: a cross-sectional study

Cakar, Melis E.; Cummings, Kaitlin K.; Bookheimer, Susan Y.; Dapretto, Mirella; Green, Shulamite A.

doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00571-4

Molecular Autism

Table 2 Cluster peak coordinates

Contrast	Region	Additional regions covered	Voxels	Z-max	x	y	z
Categorical age analysis
ASD pre-teens	(Right) Auditory temporal cortex	(Right) Insular cortex, temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus (anterior and posterior), sensorimotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, frontal operculum, posterior cingulate gyrus, supplementary motor cortex, frontal cortex, putamen	11,174	7.13	50	− 28	16
	(Left) Auditory temporal cortex	(Left) Insular cortex, temporal pole, posterior supramarginal gyrus (anterior and posterior), sensorimotor cortex, hippocampus	5856	8.7	− 32	− 34	14
	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VIIIA	Cerebellar (bilateral) lobules VI, VIIB and Crus I and II; and (left) lobules V, VIIIA and B, and X	5687	7.06	30	− 60	− 58
	(Left) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/frontal pole/ white matter	–	886	5.6	-30	34	18
	Brainstem	(Right) Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus	549	4.89	6	− 40	− 10
TD pre-teens	(Right) Auditory temporal cortex	(Right) Insular cortex, temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus (anterior and posterior), sensorimotor cortex, right amygdala	4377	6.18	40	-26	20
	(Left) Auditory temporal cortex	(Left) Insular cortex, temporal pole, sensorimotor cortex, supramarginal gyrus (anterior)	3470	5.76	− 50	− 6	8
	(Right) Superior parietal lobule	(Right) Precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus,	1016	5.14	26	− 40	66
	(Left) Cerebellar lobule VIIIB	(Left) Cerebellar lobules VIIB, VIIIA and Crus II	863	6.17	− 26	− 44	− 52
	(Right) Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex/frontal pole	-	399	5.3	34	38	6
ASD > TD pre-teens (masked by activation in ASD pre-teens)	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VI	(Right) Cerebellar lobules VIIIA and VIIB	221	3.69	34	− 40	− 38
	(Right) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/frontal pole	–	189	3.57	18	34	34
	(Right) Superior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus	–	175	3.5	26	− 44	64
	(Right) Cerebellar Crus I	Right cerebellar lobule VI	100	3.92	38	− 50	− 32
	(Left) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	–	98	3.48	− 40	30	24
	Posterior cingulate gyrus	–	74	4.02	− 10	− 32	40
	(Left) Superior parietal lobule	–	25	2.9	− 18	-52	68
	Frontal pole/ ventromedial prefrontal cortex	–	16	3.34	-14	48	− 16
ASD > TD pre-teens (masked by deactivation in TD pre-teens)	Precuneus/superior lateral occipital cortex/sensorimotor cortex (left postcentral and right precentral gyrus)	Superior parietal lobule	1108	3.8	20	− 60	60
	(Left) Precentral/postcentral gyrus	–	452	4.02	− 40	− 22	54
	(Right) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/frontal pole	–	425	4.09	32	28	30
	(Left) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	–	395	3.77	-40	18	40
	(Left) Superior lateral occipital cortex/angular gyrus	–	373	3.48	− 42	− 82	30
	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VI	(Right) Crus I, Lobules I-V	357	4.03	40	− 48	− 30
	Ventromedial prefrontal cortex	–	330	3.86	− 12	56	− 14
	Posterior cingulate gyrus	–	179	4.02	− 10	− 32	40
	Anterior cingulate gyrus	–	18	2.85	6	32	16
	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VIIIA	–	14	3.07	30	-44	-46
	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VIIB and Right Crus II	–	10	2.82	44	− 42	− 46
ASD teens	(Right) Auditory temporal cortex	(Right) Insular cortex, temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus (anterior), sensorimotor cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, right putamen	4981	6.53	46	− 22	16
	(Left) Insular cortex	(Left) Auditory temporal cortex, temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus (anterior and posterior), sensorimotor cortex, left amygdala	4549	6.34	− 42	− 8	− 2
	(Right) Cerebellar lobule VIIB	Bilateral cerebellar VIIIA and Crus II; left cerebellar lobules V, VI, VIIB, VIIIB, and X	1818	6.07	12	− 76	− 50
	(Right) Precentral gyrus	(Right) superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate gyrus	1558	5.7	18	-16	58
	Brainstem	(Left) Posterior parahippocampal gyrus	535	5.6	-6	-36	-12
TD teens	(Right) Insular cortex	(Right) Auditory temporal cortex, temporal pole, postcentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus (anterior), orbitofrontal cortex, frontal pole, putamen, pallidum, thalamus, and amygdala	5316	6.33	36	-16	16
	(Left) Auditory temporal cortex	(Left) Insular cortex, temporal pole, postcentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus (anterior), orbitofrontal cortex, putamen, and amygdala	3204	5.01	-56	-24	14
	(left) Cerebellar lobule VIIIA	(Left) Cerebellar lobules VIIIB, VIIB, Crus I and Crus II	534	3.97	-28	-60	-48
	(Right) Postcentral gyrus	(Right) Precentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule	529	4.51	34	-36	66
ASD > TD teens (masked by activation in ASD teens)	Hippocampus/white matter		38	3.79	30	-38	4
ASD > TD teens (masked by activation in ASD teens)	Posterior cingulate/lingual gyrus	-	12	3.45	10	-46	2
ASD > TD teens (masked by deactivation in TD teens)	(Right) Posterior cingulate gyrus	(Right) Lingual gyrus, cerebellar lobule V, hippocampus/thalamus	469	3.94	14	-42	-2
Continuous age analysis
ASD positive	(Left) Insula/ temporal pole/ orbitofrontal cortex	-	458	4.34	-40	12	-16
ASD negative	Precuneus	Superior lateral occipital cortex	549	3.62	12	-54	54
TD negative	(Right) Frontal pole/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex	-	486	3.25	40	44	6
Continuous Age² Analysis
ASD positive	Medial prefrontal cortex/ superior frontal gyrus	Left middle frontal gyrus/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex	1159	3.83	− 4	44	42
	(Left) Orbitofrontal cortex	(Left) Temporal pole, inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, frontal operculum cortex	464	4.02	− 38	26	− 14
	Occipital pole	Intracalcarine cortex	459	3.49	− 8	− 104	0
	(Right) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/middle frontal gyrus	–	398	3.52	42	22	52
TD negative	Medial prefrontal cortex / paracingulate gyrus/superior frontal gyrus	–	662	3.8	6	52	20
ASD > TD (masked by ASD Age² positive)	Medial prefrontal cortex / paracingulate gyrus/superior frontal gyrus	Supplementary motor cortex	1622	4.57	6	52	20
	(Left) Orbitofrontal cortex	(Left) Temporal pole, inferior frontal gyrus part triangularis and part orbital, frontal operculum cortex	757	4.49	− 36	24	− 14
	(Left) Angular gyrus/white matter	(Left) Posterior supramarginal gyrus, temporooccipital middle temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex	465	4.59	− 42	− 52	12
ASD > TD (masked by TD Age² negative)	Medial prefrontal cortex/ paracingulate gyrus/ superior frontal gyrus		1181	4.57	6	52	20
	(Left) Orbitofrontal cortex	(Left) Temporal pole, inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, frontal operculum cortex	514	4.49	− 36	24	− 14
	(Left) Temporal pole	–	59	3.09	− 38	14	− 26
Age*SOR Interaction Analysis
Positive	(Left) Temporal pole	(Left) Orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus	525	4.18	− 34	20	− 30
Positive	(Left) Middle temporal gyrus	(Left) Inferior temporal gyrus	386	3.93	− 68	− 18	− 20
Negative	(Left) Precentral gyrus	–	446	4.11	− 20	− 18	72
Age²*SOR Interaction Analysis
Positive	Superior frontal gyrus	Medial prefrontal cortex and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/ middle frontal gyrus	2094	4.06	14	22	66
	(Right) Caudate	Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, right putamen	1201	4.05	16	18	2
	(Left) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex		926	4.45	− 32	40	44
	(Right) Angular gyrus/posterior supramarginal gyrus	Superior lateral occipital cortex	799	4.04	54	-54	38

The Region column indicates cluster peaks. Additional regions covered by the cluster beyond the peak are described under Additional regions covered
Note. X, y, and z refer to the left–right, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior dimensions, respectively; Z refers to the Z-score at those coordinates. Voxels indicate cluster size. ASD > TD contrasts were masked by the ASD positive and TD negative within-group contrasts at z > 1.7, and masked clusters were reported separately (e.g., masked by activation in ASD teens or deactivation in TD teens). ASD Autism spectrum disorder, TD Typically developing youth, SOR Sensory over-responsivity

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