Table 1 Participant characteristics

Male

50

73.5

32

47.1

PNMS Exposure

30

44.1

32

47.1

      Diabetes

14

20.6

 < 11^a

 < 16.2^a

      Hypertension

22

32.4

23

33.8

Maternal age (y)

29.1 (6.1)

19 to 45

28.4 (5.3)

16–43

Maternal education (y)

14.0 (1.9)

9 to 17

14.1 (2.3)

6–17

Paternal age (y)

31.0 (7.6)

20 to 52

29.9 (5.3)

19–43

Paternal education (y)

13.9 (1.9)

10 to 17

14.2 (2.2)

9–17

Gestational age^b (wk)

37.9 (2.6)

25 to 42

36.5 (2.3)

27–41

Birth weight (g)

3186 (712)

910 to 4590

2900 (641)

690–4082

Pre-pregnancy BMI

26.4 (6.8)

18.2 to 55.1

25.2 (4.1)

16.9–41.2

Pregnancy weight gain (lbs)

30.7 (14.3)

(− 3) to 62

28.3 (11.6)

4–60