Autistic adults benefit from and enjoy learning via social interaction as much as neurotypical adults do

Table 3 Results for analysis of variance for Experiment 1, 2 and combined datasets

Comparisons	F or T value	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	95% CI
Comparisons	F or T value	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	Lower bound	Upper bound
Experiment 1 (N = 46)	F
Main effects
Group	0.007	1	0.93	0.00	− 0.39	0.36
Learning condition	4.06	2	*0.016*	0.09	–	–
Time	56.16	1	< *0.0001*	0.56	0.30	0.51
Interaction effects	F
Group*Time	2.56	1	0.12	0.06	–	–
Group*Learning condition	0.62	2	0.54	0.01	–	–
Learning condition*Time	0.92	2	0.40	0.02	–	–
Learning conditionTimeGroup	1.08	2	.34	0.02	–	–

	t	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
Simple effects
Live versus Recorded-observant	0.08	45	0.14	–	− 0.03	0.2
Live versus Recorded-alone	0.19	45	*0.008*	–	0.05	0.32
Recorded-observant versus Recorded-alone	0.10	45	0.16	–	− 0.04	0.24
Live_imm versus Recorded-observant_imm	2.51	45	*0.016*	–	0.03	0.26
Live_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	2.41	45	*0.02*	–	0.03	0.35
Recorded-observant_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	0.62	45	0.53	–	− 0.10	0.19
Live_del versus Recorded-observant_del	0.54	45	0.59	–	− 0.11	0.20
Live_del versus Recorded-alone_del	2.13	45	*0.04*	–	0.01	0.37
Recorded-observant_del versus Recorded-alone_del	1.56	45	0.12	–	− 0.04	0.33

Experiment 2 (N = 82)	F	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
Main effects
Group	2.24	1	0.14	0.03	− 0.45	0.06
Learning condition	13.54	2	< *0.0001*	0.14	–	–
Time	38.56	1	< *0.0001*	0.33	0.26	0.51
Interaction effects	F
Group*Time	0.16	1	0.69	0.002	–	–
Group*Learning condition	0.18	2	0.83	0.002	–	–
Learning condition*Time	2.12	2	0.12	0.03	–	–
Learning conditionTimeGroup	0.03	2	0.97	0.00	–	–

	t	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
Simple effects
Live versus Recorded-observant	0.30	1	< *0.0001*	–	0.18	0.41
Live versus Recorded-alone	0.10	1	0.09	–	− 0.02	0.22
Recorded-observant versus Recorded-alone	− 0.19	1	*0.001*	–	− 0.31	− 0.08
Live_imm versus Recorded-observant_imm	5.86	45	> *0.0001*	–	0.24	0.49
Live_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	2.32	45	*0.02*	–	0.02	0.28
Recorded-observant_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	− 3.21	45	*0.002*	–	− 0.34	− 0.08
Live_del versus Recorded-observant_del	3.32	45	*0.001*	–	0.09	0.36
Live_del versus Recorded-alone_del	0.74	45	0.46	–	− 0.08	0.18
Recorded-observant_del versus Recorded-alone_del	− 2.49	45	*0.01*	–	− 0.32	− 0.04

Combined (N = 128)	F	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
Main effects
Group	1.54	1	0.22	0.01	− 0.34	0.08
Learning condition	12.63	2	< *0.0001*	0.09	–	–
Time	77.32	1	< *0.0001*	0.38	0.30	0.49
Interaction effects	F
Group*Time	0.11	1	0.75	0.001	–	–
Group*Learning condition	0.45	2	0.64	0.004	–	–
Learning condition*Time	2.61	2	0.07	0.02	–	–
Learning conditionTimeGroup	0.5	2	0.6	0.004	–	–

	t	df	p	Partial Eta Squared	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
Simple effects
Live versus Recorded-observant	0.22	1	< *0.0001*	–	0.14	0.31
Live versus Recorded-alone	0.13	1	*0.004*	–	0.04	0.22
Recorded-observant versus Recorded-alone	− 09	1	*0.05*	–	0.18	0.002
Live_imm versus Recorded-observant_imm	6.24	127	< *0.0001*	–	0.19	0.37
Live_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	3.28	127	*0.001*	–	0.07	0.27
Recorded-observant_imm versus Recorded-alone_imm	− 2.34	127	*0.02*	–	− 0.22	− 0.02
Live_del versus Recorded-observant_del	3.06	127	*0.003*	–	0.06	0.27
Live_del versus Recorded-alone_del	1.86	127	0.06	–	− 0.01	0.20
Recorded-observant_del versus Recorded-alone_del	− 1.06	127	0.29	–	− 0.18	0.05

ANOVA results for experiment 1, experiment 2 and for the combined dataset. Factors of interest: Group (Neurotypical vs Autistic), Learning Condition (Live vs Recorded-observant vs Recorded-alone) and Time (Immediate vs Delay)
Italic values indicate p-values; Bold-italic values indicate p-values which reach the threshold for statistical significance of α < .05

ISSN: 2040-2392