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Table 2 Prevalence of cognitive-developmental; behavioural, social, or emotional, and ASD in 20 included studies

From: Neurodevelopmental impairments in children with septo-optic dysplasia spectrum conditions: a systematic review

First Author

Reported condition(s)

Prevalence N (%)

Measures used

Cognitive-developmental Impairment

Behavioural, emotional, social impairment

ASD diagnosis/cut-off

Webb, [15]

Isolated ONH

–

4/11 (36) CBCL

–

CBCL

Dahl, [16]

ONH

20/55 (36)

–

7/42 (17)

FTF, WISC-IV, WAIS-IV, WPPSI, DSM-IV, DSM-V

Ek, [30]

ONH

5/13 (38)

–

6/13 (46)b

WISC-III, WPPSI-R, GDS, NEPSY, RZS, ITVIC. DSM-IV, ADI-R, CARS-3

Fahnehjelm, [17]

ONH

9/24 (38)

–

8/28 (29)c

WISC-III, WPPSI, GDS

Fahnehjelm, [20]

ONH

NRa

–

–

FTF

Garcia-Filion, [21]

ONH

52/73 (71)

–

–

BDI

Groenveld, [23]

ONH

4/19 (21)

–

–

WISC-R, WPSSI, 10-item spatial ability scale

Margalith, [6]

ONH

36/51 (71)

–

–

Wechsler Test of Intelligence

Rivkees, [24]

ONH

8/19 (42)

–

–

BDI

Williams, [28]

ONH

1/7 (14)

1/7 (14) hyperactivity CBCL, psychosomatic CPRS

–

WPPSI-R, CBCL, CPRSd

Williams, [29]

ONH

–

–

3/7 (43) ASDe

ADOS, ADI-R, DSM-IV

Jutley-Neilson, * [32]

ONH ‘spectrum’

 

34/41 (83) sensory processing

–

SSP

Jutley-Neilson, [31]

SOD, ONH

NR

27/42 (64) mild-profound deficit VABS

23/42 (55) SCQ cut-off or clinical diagnosis

SIT-R3, VABS, SCQ

Parr, [33]

SOD, ONH

–

22/83 (27) > 1 SCRR

26/83 (31)

RZS, ICD-10

Griffiths, [22]

SOD

0/1 (0)

–

–

WISC

Severino, [18]

SOD

17/32 (53)

–

–

GDS, BSS

Vawter-Lee, [26]

SOD

0/2 (0)

–

–

ASQ-3

Webb, [27]

SOD

4/7 (57)

–

–

RZS

Alt, [19]

SOD, SOD-like, SOD-plus

11/16 (69)

–

2/17 (12)c

AIMS, BSID-II, DDST-II

Signorini, [25]

SOD, SOD-like, SOD-plus

8/17 (47)

–

–

RZS, GDS, WISC

Combined prevalence

175/336 (52%)

88/184 (48%)

65/187 (35%)

 
  1. Cognitive-developmental outcomes were measured by any formal intellectual, developmental, or cognitive testing
  2. – indicates not assessed, NR Not reported, CBCL CHILD Behaviour Checklist, FTF Five to Fifteen Questionnaire, WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WPPSI Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, GDS Griffiths Mental Development Scales, NEPSY Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, RZS Reynell-Zinkin Scales, ITVIC Intelligence Test for Visually Impaired Children, ADI-R Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale-3, BDI Battelle Developmental Inventory, CPRS Conners Parent Rating Scale, ADOS Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale, SSP Short Sensory Profile, SIT-R3 Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised, VABS Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale, SCQ Social Communication Questionnaire, ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases-10, BSS Binet-Simon Scale, ASQ-3 Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3, AIMS Alberta Infant Motor Scale, BSID-II Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-2, DDST-II Denver Developmental Screening Test-2
  3. *Same sample as Jutley-Neilson [31]; unique results only reported
  4. aInsufficient data available to report prevalence
  5. bTwo additional participants were diagnosed with autism-like condition (ALC) and one with ALC and oppositional defiant disorder
  6. cNo measurement given, therefore not included in prevalence estimate
  7. dAn extensive list of measures were used for different participants depending on visual difficulties; only example measures are listed
  8. eParticipants who received consistent diagnosis across all four measures included in prevalence
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Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392