Skip to main content

Table 4 The co-occurrence rates and proband-wise cross-concordances for physical health conditions in autism and ADHD

From: Genetic and environmental contributions to co-occurring physical health conditions in autism spectrum condition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Physical health conditions

Affected probands who also have physical health conditions

Proportion of co-twins with physical health conditions

Clinical diagnosis

Subclinical phenotype

Clinical diagnosis

Subclinical phenotype

MZ

DZ

MZ

DZ

 

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

Autism

            

Neurological disorders

            

 Epilepsy

8.5

5.5, 11.5

4.8

3.1, 7.3

4.2

0.6, 7.9

4.3

1.5, 7.0

1.6

0.2, 3.0

2.3

1.0, 3.6

Immunological disorders

            

 Asthma

20.4

15.6, 25.1

21.6

17.8, 25.6

19.5

11.1, 27.8

22.3

16.4, 28.1

16.6

11.7, 21.5

16.5

13.0, 20.0

 Coeliac disease

2.4

0.6, 4.3

1.5

0.7, 3.2

0.8

0, 2.5

2.4

0, 4.8

0.7

0, 1.6

1.2

0.1, 2.4

Gastrointestinal disorders

            

 Constipation

11.6

8.0, 15.1

13.8

10.8, 17.5

11.0

4.8, 17.2

8.1

4.4, 11.7

10.1

6.5, 13.7

10.9

8.2, 13.7

 Functional diarrhea

3.0

1.2, 4.9

1.3

0.5, 2.9

2.5

0, 5.4

1.9

0.1, 3.7

2.0

0.4, 3.5

1.0

0.1, 1.9

 Mixed FGIDs

14.3

10.4, 18.2

14.3

11.2, 18.1

13.6

7.0, 21.2

9.5

5.4, 13.5

11.1

7.3, 14.8

11.5

8.7, 14.3

ADHD

            

Neurological disorders

            

 Epilepsy

3.9

2.6, 5.2

3.1

2.3, 4.3

3.1

1.3, 4.9

2.8

1.4, 4.2

2.2

1.2, 3.2

1.9

1.1, 2.6

 Migraine

3.4

2.2, 4.5

1.9

1.3, 2.9

2.0

0.5, 3.4

3.7

2.1, 5.3

1.6

0.7, 2.4

2.0

1.2, 2.7

 Mixed headache

4.2

2.9, 5.6

2.5

1.8, 3.6

3.4

1.2, 5.5

4.1

2.4, 5.7

2.1

1.1, 3.1

2.7

1.8, 3.5

Immunological disorders

            

 Asthma

20.7

17.8, 23.6

19.1

17.0, 21.5

20.7

15.9, 25.6

20.6

17.4, 24.2

16.7

13.8, 19.5

16.9

14.9, 19.0

Gastrointestinal disorders

            

 Constipation

10.7

8.7, 12.8

10.2

8.6, 12.1

8.7

5.5, 11.9

10.2

7.7, 12.7

7.1

5.3, 8.9

8.7

7.3, 10.2

 Mixed FGIDs

11.8

9.7, 14.0

10.9

9.2, 12.8

10.6

7.2, 14.1

11.2

8.5, 13.8

8.3

6.4, 10.2

9.5

8.0, 11.0

  1. The physical health conditions in this study did not include the data from primary care health services
  2. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DZ, dizygotic twins; FGIDs, functional gastrointestinal disorders; MZ, monozygotic twins
  3. Bold values: Higher MZ than DZ estimates
Back to article page

Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392