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Table 2 Association between autism/ADHD and physical health conditions in our sample (N = 20,964)

From: Genetic and environmental contributions to co-occurring physical health conditions in autism spectrum condition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Co-occurring physical health conditions

Autism

ADHD

Clinical diagnosis

Subclinical phenotype

Clinical diagnosis

Subclinical phenotype

Odds ratioa

95% CI

p

Odds ratioa

95% CI

p

Odds ratioa

95% CI

p

Odds ratioa

95% CI

p

Neurological disorders

 Epilepsy

8.03

5.32, 12.11

 < 0.001

6.75

4.82, 9.45

 < 0.001

3.52

2.46, 5.04

 < 0.001

3.83

2.91, 5.06

 < 0.001

 Migraine

0.75

0.28, 2.03

0.513

1.00

0.57, 1.74

0.985

2.22

1.52, 3.25

 < 0.001

1.28

0.93, 1.76

0.126

 Other headache

1.79

0.66, 4.87

0.258

1.06

0.46, 2.43

0.885

1.80

0.96, 3.35

0.066

1.21

0.73, 1.99

0.456

 Mixed headache

1.13

0.56, 2.30

0.733

1.03

0.64, 1.65

0.911

2.08

1.46, 2.97

 < 0.001

1.22

0.92, 1.62

0.166

Immunological disorders

 Allergic rhinitis

1.10

0.71, 1.72

0.665

1.01

0.74, 1.37

0.959

1.32

1.02, 1.71

0.037

1.05

0.87, 1.27

0.597

 Asthma

1.55

1.16, 2.08

0.003

1.45

1.23, 1.82

 < 0.001

1.63

1.36, 1.96

 < 0.001

1.31

1.16, 1.49

 < 0.001

 Atopic dermatitis

1.28

0.78, 2.08

0.329

1.20

0.87, 1.65

0.264

1.52

1.15, 2.12

0.004

1.11

0.91, 1.36

0.303

Specific allergy

1.21

0.55, 2.65

0.644

0.93

0.54, 1.63

0.808

1.30

0.80, 2.12

0.294

0.87

0.62, 1.24

0.451

 Coeliac disease

2.67

1.21, 5.85

0.015

1.45

0.75, 2.80

0.267

0.91

0.45, 1.83

0.784

1.24

0.81, 1.91

0.328

Gastrointestinal disorders

 Constipation

2.03

1.43, 2.88

 < 0.001

2.17

1.73, 2.72

 < 0.001

1.91

1.53, 2.39

 < 0.001

1.65

1.41, 1.93

 < 0.001

 Functional diarrhea

5.51

2.89, 10.52

 < 0.001

2.67

1.48, 4.83

0.001

2.13

1.15, 3.94

0.017

1.36

0.83, 2.25

0.226

 Irritable bowel syndrome

2.25

0.55, 9.18

0.257

1.29

0.41, 4.11

0.667

1.58

0.57, 4.38

0.379

1.86

1.01, 3.42

0.047

 Mixed FGIDs

2.34

1.69, 3.24

 < 0.001

2.08

1.67, 2.59

 < 0.001

1.92

1.55, 2.38

 < 0.001

1.59

1.37, 1.84

 < 0.001

  1. The physical health conditions in this study did not include the data from primary care health services
  2. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FGIDs, functional gastrointestinal disorders
  3. Statistical significance for this table was set at p < 0.0038 (Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons)
  4. Bold value: statistically significant and being included in bivariate twin model analysis
  5. aAdjusted for age and sex
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Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392