Table 8 Univariate regression (β) coefficients for sulforaphane compared to placebo for biomarker gene expression (change from baseline)

HO-1

 Week 7

− 0.50

(− 1.13, 0.14)

0.121

 Week 15

− 0.84

(− 1.50, − 0.19)

0.013

HSP70

 Week 7

− 0.41

(− 0.90, 0.07)

0.091

 Week 15

− 0.78

(− 1.45, − 0.10)

0.025

HSP27

 Week 7

− 0.04

(− 0.27, 0.18)

0.693

 Week 15

− 0.31

(− 0.66, 0.04)

0.078

IL-6

 Week 7

− 0.39

(− 0.94, 0.17)

0.166

 Week 15

− 1.31

(− 2.22, − 0.39)

0.006

IL-1β

 Week 7

− 1.13

(− 2.11, − 0.14)

0.026

 Week 15

− 0.76

(− 1.88, 0.35)

0.174

 Week 22

− 0.26

(− 1.36, 0.83)

0.627

 Week 30

− 1.32

(− 2.55, − 0.09)

0.037

TNF-α

 Week 7

− 0.18

(− 0.62, 0.25)

0.394

 Week 15

− 0.56

(− 0.98, − 0.14)

0.010