Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the experimental procedure. a Social fear learning (SFL) paradigm, where the participant observes, on a computer screen, a demonstrator receiving shocks at one of the picture stimuli (CS+) but not at the other (CS−) (learning phase), followed by a test phase where the participant is directly exposed to the same picture stimuli, without receiving any shock. b The Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, where the participant is directly exposed to (new) picture stimuli and received shocks at CS+ but not at CS−