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Table 7 Comparison of results between the main (all subjects) and additional analyses (ASD- discordant and concordant group, and the highest data quality group (High Q)). Significant B-estimates and q values are displayed in bold (q < 0.05) and estimates with a value of q < 0.1 are displayed as regular text. Results are FDR-corrected

From: Sex differences in brain structure: a twin study on restricted and repetitive behaviors in twin pairs with and without autism

Group (n)

Regions associated with RRBI’s on the ADI-R C domain

Males

Main (88)

Nothing

Males

ASD Disc (28)

ASD Conc (6)

Bilateral Pallidum

Increased volume

(Left: B = 23.19, q = 0.096; right: B = 31.51, q = 0.096)

Males

High Q (34)

R. Supramarginal G.

Increased area

(B = 130.6, q = 0.035)

Increased Volume

(B = 842.22, q = 0.018)

L. Lateral orbital S.

Reduced area

(B = − 28.44, q = 0.035)

L. Anterior cingulate C.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.093, q = 0.001)

    

Females

Main (62)

R. Intraparietal S.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.037, q = 0.012)

Reduced area

(B = − 120.61, q = 0.072)

R. Orbital G.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.05, q = 0.056)

R. Inferior Frontal Orbital G.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.07, q = 0.065)

L. Superior Frontal G.

Reduced area

(B = − 130.44, q = 0.072)

R. Middle Frontal G.

Increased area

(B = 95.29, q = 0.072)

  

Females

ASD disc (12)

ASD Conc (6)

R. Intraparietal S.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.032, q = 0.013)

R. Orbital G.

Increased thickness B = 0.070, q = 0.016)

Increased volume

(B = 166.73, q = 0.059)

L. Lateral Orbital S.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.110, q = 0.002)

L. Superior Frontal G.

Increased thickness (B = 0.043, q = 0.003)

R. Postcentral G.

Increased thickness

(B = 0.039, q = 0.087)

L. Postcentral S.

Reduced volume

(B = − 208.12, q = 0.059)

 

Females

High Q (36)

Bi. Intraparietal S.

Increased thickness (Left: B = 0.045, q < 0.001; right: B = 0.053, q = 0.027)

L. Lateral orbital S.

Increased thickness (B = 0.094, q = 0.002)

L. Inferior frontal orbital G.

Increased thickness (B = 0.069, q = 0.022)

Increased volume

(B = 88.10, q = 0.059)

L. Superior frontal G.

Increased thickness (B = 0.059, q < 0.001)

Reduced area

(B = − 192.15, q = 0.010)

L. Middle frontal G.

Increased thickness (B = 0.036, q = 0.031)

R. Postcentral G.

Increased thickness (B = 0.038, q = 0.036)

Increased volume (B = 235.05, q = 0.053)

R. Postcentral S.

Increased thickness (B = 0.038, q < 0.001)

  1. L left, R right, Bi bilateral, G gyrus, S sulcus, C cortex