Table 2 Summary of fMRI studies
From: Biological motion perception in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis
Author(s) (year) | ASD sample | NT sample | Paradigm | Measure | Stimuli | Duration (s) | Contrast | Areas of activation | WoE | SQA | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Age | Sex ratio | FSIQ | NVIQ | N | Age | Sex ratio | FSIQ | NVIQ | Task | Groups | ||||||||
Alaerts et al. [71] | 15 | 21.7 | 15/0 | 107.9 | 105.6 | 15 | 23.3 | 15/0 | 114.8 | 109.1 | ER | WB | PLD (12 points) | 3s | EM>fix | NT>ASD | L IPL, R MTG-pSTS, L MOG, L MTG-pSTS | 8 | 0.7▲▲ |
Alaerts et al. [30] | 15 | 21.7 | 15/0 | 107.9 | 105.6 | 15 | 23.3 | 15/0 | 114.8 | 109.1 | ER/D | WB | PLD (12 points) | 4s | EM>fix | NT>ASD and ASD>NT | None | 8.5 | 0.79▲▲ |
Bjorndotter et al. [72] | 37 | boys: 11.45 girls: 10.73 | 27/10 | boys: 91.33 girls: 98.8 | / | 38 | boys: 11.52 girls: 11.51 | 25/13 | boys: 105.46 girls: 93.85 | / | PV | WB | PLD (16 points) | 24s | BM>SCR | NT>ASD | R FFG, L FFG, L MTG, L IFG, L Cerebellum | 8.5 | 0.8â–² |
Freitag et al. [31] | 15 | 17.5 | 13/2 | 101.2 | 93.3 | 15 | 18.6 | 13/2 | 112.1 | 106.8 | D | WB | PLD (15 points) | 1.5s | BM>SCR | NT>ASD | R Calcarine sulcus, R Parieto-occipital sulcus, R Central sulcus/Postcental gyrus, R Postcentral gyrus/ Postcentral sulcus, R Postcentral sulcus/ IPL, R IPL, R MTG/STS, R Insula, R ACG, R MedFG, R MFG, L Central sulcus/ postcentral gyrus, L IPL, L FFG, L STG, L Claustrum, L ACG | 8.5 | 0.81▲▲ |
Grezes et al. [32] | 12 | 26.6 | 10/2 | 102 | / | 12 | 21 | 12/0 | 119 | / | AR/ER | WB | FLD | 3s | Dynamic (fear & neutral) vs Static | NT>ASD | R TPJ/STG, R ITG (MT), L ITG, R medSFG, R STG (middle part), R Precentral gyrus, L IFG, R Precaneus, R MFG, R ITG (MT), R FFG/ Cerebellum | 9 | 0.85â–² |
Jack et al. [73] | 15 | 14.2 | 13/2 | 110.53 | 110.33 | 15 | 13.8 | 11/4 | 112.27 | 107.6 | PV | WB | FLD | 7-9s | Hand vs baseline | ASD>NT | R Transverse Temporal Gyrus, L Superior Temporal Gyrus, L Precaneus, R Anterior Cingulate, L Cingulate Gyrus | 9 | 0.9â–² |
Jack et al. [74] | 35 | 14.49 | 27/8 | 97.6 | Â | 62 | 17.3 | 26/36 | 101.61 | Â | PV | Cerebellum | PLD (15 points) | 24s | BM>SCR | NT>ASD and ASD>NT | None | 8 | 0.78â–² |
Kaiser et al. [75] | 25 | 11.8 | 20/5 | 100.2 | 98.2 | NT: 17 US: 20 | NT: 10.9 US: 11.3 | NT: 12/5 US: 9:11 | NT: 114.1 US: 115.8 | NT: 110.1 US: 113. 8 | PV | WB | PLD (16 points) | ~24s | BM>SCR | NT>ASD | L vlPC, vmPC, R PTS, R Amygdala, R FFG, L FFG | 8.5 | 0.75â–² |
Koldewyn et al. [57] | 16 | 15.4 | 14/2 | 110.6 | 106.7 | 16 | 15.6 | 14/2 | 118.6 | 112.6 | D | WB | PLD (13 points) | 2s | BM>COH | NT>ASD | R Insula,, Bilateral Caudate, Bilateral Pulvinar; R Intraparietal sulcus, R AG, R STS; R IFS, R MFG, R IFG; L Intraparietal Sulcus, L AG, L STS; Anterior Cingulate Sulcus and Gyrus. | 8.5 | 0.84▲▲ |
ASD>NT | R ITG/IOG (2 clusters) | ||||||||||||||||||
Marsh et al. [76] | 18 | 33 | / | 110.22 | 104.4 | 19 | 32.2 | / | 113.89 | 113.4 | PV | WB | FLD | 24s | Hands>shapes | NT>ASD | L Middle Cingulate extending to Supplementary Motor Area, L Fusiform/Lingual Gyrus | 8 | 0.73â–² |
Yang et al. [77] | 31 | 10.86 | 31/0 | 98.1 | 96.65 | 17 | 10.92 | 17/0 | 104.1 | 103.7 | PV | WB | PLD (16 points) | ~24s | BM>SCR | NT>ASD | R AG, R FFG, R Hippocampus, R IOG, R MOG, R IPG, R ITG, R MTG | 8 | 0.9â–² |