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Table 3 Estimated stability of CSF immune mediators in children with autism, controlling for age and time-to-follow-up

From: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid immune mediators in children with autistic disorder: a longitudinal study

 

Partial Spearman correlations for variables with <30% outside the LOD

% <LOD for one or both samples

Rate of sample 2 <LOD where sample 1 <LOD

n

Partial correlation, 95% CI

p value

Cytokines

 IL-1A

26

.33 (−.09–.64)

.11

16

1/5 (20%)

 IL-IRA

   

87

21/25 (84%)

 IL-1B

   

87

23/27 (85%)

 IL-2

   

84

20/23 (87%)

 sIL-2RA

   

65

15/17 (88%)

 IL-3

   

52

15/15 (100%)

 IL-4

   

97

29/29 (100%)

 IL-5

28

.85 (.68–.93)

<.0001

10

1/3 (33%)

 IL-6

   

94

28/29 (97%)

 IL-7

   

71

19/19 (100%)

 IL-9

31

.82 (.63–.91)

<.0001

0

na

 IL-10

   

35

8/11 (73%)

 IL-12p40

   

61

13/19 (68%)

 IL-12p70

   

94

24/25 (96%)

 IL-13

   

100

30/31 (97%)

 IL-15

31

.80 (.61–.90)

<.0001

0

na

 IL-17

   

94

27/28 (96%)

 IFNα2

30

.74 (.50–.87)

<.0001

3

0/1 (0%)

 IFNγ

   

68

16/18 (89%)

 TNFα

31

.62 (.32–.80)

.004

0

na

 TNFβ

   

65

12/16 (75%)

 TGFα

31

.84 (.67–.92)

<.0001

0

na

Growth factors

 EGF

   

100

31/31 (100%)

 G-CSF

31

.53 (.19–.75)

.003

0

na

 GM-CSF

31

.72 (.48–.86)

<.0001

0

na

 VEGF

   

97

26/29 (90%)

 FGF-2

   

74

17/21 (81%)

 FLT-3L

31

.82 (.64–.91)

<.0001

0

na

 sCD40L

27

.63 (.30–.82)

.0008

13

1/4 (25%)

Chemokines

 CCL2 (MCP-1)

31

.64 (.35–.81)

.0002

0

na

 CCL3 (MIP-1α)

   

58

9/13 (69%)

 CCL4 (MIP-1β)

   

48

12/12 (100%)

 CCL7 (MCP-3)

   

71

12/19 (63%)

 CCL11 (EOTAXIN)

   

97

26/30 (87%)

 CCL22 (MDC)

   

32

5/10 (50%)

 CXCL1 (GRO)

29

.53 (.18–.75)

.004

6

0/2 (0%)

 CXCL8 (IL-8)

31

.51 (.17–.74)

.004

0

na

 CXCL10 (IP-10)

31

.50 (.16–.73)

.01

0

na

 CX3CL1 (FRACTALKINE)

31

.42 (.06–.68)

.02

0

na

  1. Note: <LOD = below the lower limit of detection; na = not applicable. No restrictions were placed on time-to-follow-up for inclusion in these analyses. Mean age for sample 1 was 3.51 ± 0.95 years; mean time-to-follow-up was 2.44 ± 0.68 years. Spearman’s correlation was calculated where at least 70% of the sample had detectable values at both visits. Listwise deletion was used in correlation analyses; thus, individuals with out-of-range values were excluded. Age at sample 1 and time-to-follow-up were partialled out in correlation analyses. Variables with high rates of values outside the range of detection were analyzed as categorical; because of the small sample size and complete or quasi-complete separation, it was not possible to calculate reliable odds ratio estimates for these variables