Table 2 Autism symptom levels in non-ASD, non-ASD with HLDAS, and ASD-affected children by family incidence type

 Total raw score

19.7 (19.4)

27.9 (27.3)

41.4 (31.4)

45.5 (25.6)

105.6 (29.0)

101.0 (33.1)

17.28 (<.001)

 Emotion recognition

.41 (.37)

.56 (.52)

.83 (.56)

.87 (.44)

1.85 (.48)

1.79 (.55)

14.45 (.001)

 Social avoidance

.19 (.31)

.27 (.42)

.35 (.45)

.45 (.51)

1.16 (.62)

1.08 (.65)

9.28 (.010)

 Interpersonal relationships

.23 (.39)

.38 (.55)

.57 (.67)

.72 (.71)

1.69 (.66)

1.59 (.71)

11.26 (.004)

 Repetitive sensory motor

.19 (.26)

.25 (.31)

.45 (.45)

.48 (.36)

1.35 (.60)

1.26 (.65)

18.11 (<.001)

 Insistence on sameness

.29 (.33)

.42 (.46)

.60 (.52)

.66 (.45)

1.63 (.51)

1.56 (.55)

16.75 (<.001)

 A1: socio-emotional reciprocity

.08 (.12)

.12 (.14)

.19 (.20)

.19 (.16)

.61 (.21)

.59 (.24)

14.20 (.001)

 A2: non-verbal communication

.15 (.14)

.16 (.15)

.27 (.19)

.29 (.16)

.64 (.19)

.61 (.21)

5.97 (.051)

 A3: relationships

.07 (.14)

.11 (.18)

.20 (.24)

.23 (.23)

.68 (.24)

.63 (.27)

11.80 (.003)

 B1: repetitive motor

.03 (.10)

.05 (.13)

.09 (.18)

.08 (.18)

.60 (.30)

.53 (.32)

21.74 (<.001)

 B2: resistance to change

.13 (.17)

.19 (.24)

.26 (.23)

.30 (.22)

.65 (.24)

.64 (.24)

9.43 (.009)

 B3: restricted interests

.06 (.14)

.11 (.16)

.17 (.22)

.17 (.19)

.66 (.25)

.62 (.27)

18.96 (<.001)

 B4: abnormal sensory

.05 (.11)

.08 (.13)

.15 (.21)

.12 (.16)

.53 (.25)

.49 (.27)

17.96 (<.001)