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Table 1 The baseline characteristics of the participants

From: Additive interaction between birth asphyxia and febrile seizures on autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study

Variables

Total

(N = 74,251)

ASD

Crude ORe

95%CI, P value

Adjusted ORf

95%CI, P value

Present

(N = 192)

Absent

(N = 74059)

Birth asphyxia, No. (%)

2689(3.7)

34(17.8)

2655(3.6)

5.72(3.94–8.30), P < 0.001

3.64(2.30–5.75), P < 0.001

Febrile seizures, No. (%)

1273(1.7)

16(8.3)

1257(1.7)

5.27(3.15–8.81), P < 0.001

3.68(2.04–6.64), P < 0.001

Age, Median (IQR), years old

7.50 (3.8)

8.50 (4.2)

7.50 (3.8)

1.01(1.00-1.02), P < 0.001

1.01(1.01–1.02), P < 0.001

Sex, boys, No. (%)

39,033 (53.3)

145 (75.5)

38,888 (52.5)

2.84(2.03–3.96), P < 0.001

2.77(1.87–4.10), P < 0.001

BMIa, kg/m2, mean (SE)

16.98(3.7)

17.96(4.0)

16.97(3.7)

1.05(1.03–1.09), P < 0.001

1.04(1.00-1.08), P = 0.075

District, No. (%)

     

 Suburb

58,312(78.6)

139(72.4)

58,173(78.6)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Urban

15,908(21.4)

53(27.6)

15,855(21.4)

1.40(1.02–1.92), P = 0.038

0.84(0.57–1.24), P = 0.374

Birth weight (grams), No. (%)

     

 2,500-4,000

60,560(84.4)

163(86.7)

60,397(84.4)

1[Reference]

 

 < 2,500

3492(4.9)

10(5.3)

3482(4.9)

1.06(0.56–2.02), P = 0.849

 

 > 4,000

7712(10.7)

15(8.0)

7697(10.8)

0.72(0.43–1.23), P = 0.722

 

Gestational age, No. (%)

     

 37-42w

65,818(90.2)

165(87.3)

65,653(90.2)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 < 37w

4340(5.9)

18(9.5)

4322(5.9)

1.66(1.01–2.70), P = 0.042

1.07(0.60–1.91), P = 0.816

 > 42w

2786(3.8)

6(3.2)

2780(3.8)

0.86(0.38–1.94), P = 0.714

1.20(0.53–2.76), P = 0.661

Mode of delivery, No. (%)

     

 Vaginal

34,932(47.6)

76(40.4)

34,856(47.6)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Cesarean

38,417(52.4))

112(59.6)

38,305(52.4)

1.34(1.00-1.80), p = 0.049

1.08(0.76–1.52), P = 0.677

Feeding practices, No. (%)

     

 Breast

36,361(49.5)

69(36.1)

36,292(49.5)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Formula

11,817 (15.9)

46(24.1)

11,771(16.1)

2.06(1.42–2.99), P < 0.001

1.71(1.10–2.65), P = 0.016

 Mixed

25,309(34.4)

76(39.8)

25,233(34.4)

1.58(1.14–2.20), P = 0.006

1.07(0.72–1.58), P = 0.750

Paternal ageb. No. (%)

     

 < 35 years

59,602(87.2)

144(82.8)

59,458(87.2)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 ≥ 35 years

8774(12.8)

30(17.2)

8744(12.8)

1.42(0.96–2.10), P = 0.083

1.13(0.71–1.79), P = 0.601

Maternal ageb. No. (%)

     

 < 35 years

68,037(95.0)

178(94.2)

67,859(95.0)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 ≥ 35 years

3562(5.0)

11(5.8)

3551(5.0)

1.18(0.64–2.17), P = 0.593

 

Introverted father, No. (%)

10,676(14.6)

53(28.5)

10,623(14.6)

2.33(1.69–3.20), P < 0.001

1.98(1.37–2.86), P < 0.001

Introverted mother, No. (%)

6253(8.6)

27(14.5)

6226(8.6)

1.81(1.20–2.72), P = 0.004

1.49(0.93–2.37), P = 0.094

Paternal educational levelc, No. (%)

     

 Low

21,142(28.7)

49(26.2)

21,093(28.7)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Middle

29,879(40.5)

70(37.4)

29,809(40.5)

2.37(1.49–3.78), P < 0.001

1.57(0.80–3.08), P = 0.194

 High

22,771(30.9)

68(36.4)

22,703(30.8)

3.64(2.30–5.76), P < 0.001

2.97(1.41–6.27), P = 0.004

Maternal educational levelc, No. (%)

     

 Low

24,079(32.6)

58(31.2)

24,021(32.6)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Middle

29,763(40.3)

73(39.2)

29,690(40.3)

2.66(1.74–4.07), P < 0.001

2.36(1.22–4.57), P = 0.011

 High

19,967(27.1)

55(29.6)

19,912(27.0)

3.07(1.98–4.75), P < 0.001

2.14(1.01–4.55), P = 0.048

Maternal psychological status

     

 Normal

66,530(91.9)

160(89.9)

66,370(91.9)

1[Reference]

1[Reference]

 Depressed

2411(3.3)

13(7.3)

2398(3.3)

3.44(2.11–5.63), P < 0.001

2.62(1.51–4.56), P = 0.001

 Nervous

3449(4.8)

5(2.8)

3444(4.8)

3.07(1.98–4.78), P < 0.001

2.23(1.33–3.76), P = 0.003

Complications during pregnancy

16,239(21.9)

75(39.1)

16,164(21.8)

2.30(1.72–3.07), P < 0.001

1.82(1.28–2.59), P = 0.001

Annual Household Incomed, No. (%)

     

 Low

2369(3.3)

9(4.8)

2360(3.3)

1.47(0.74–2.93), P = 0.268

 

 Medium-low

7188(9.9)

23(12.2)

7165(9.9)

1.24(0.78–1.96), P = 0.357

 

 Medium

10,583(14.6)

23(12.2)

10,560(14.6)

0.84(0.53–1.33), P = 0.460

 

 Medium-high

17,057(23.5)

42(22.3)

17,015(23.5)

0.95(0.66–1.38), P = 0.799

 

 High

35,246(48.7)

91(48.4)

35,155(48.7)

1[Reference]

 
  1. a BMI: Body Mass Index, calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2); b. Parental age denotes the chronological age of both the mother and father at the time of the mother’s confirmed pregnancy diagnosis; c Parental Educational Level was categorized as follows: Low (less than a high school diploma), Middle (high school graduate or equivalent), High (bachelor’s degree or above); d Annual Household Income was classified into the following categories: Low (< ¥10,000), Medium-Low (¥10,000–29,999), Medium (¥30,000–49,999), Medium-High (¥50,000–99,999), and High (>¥100,000); e In the univariate regression analysis, variables with a P-value < 0.1, including BA, FS, age, sex, BMI, district, gestational age, mode of delivery, feeding practices, paternal age, introverted father, introverted mother, paternal educational level, maternal educational level, maternal psychological status, and complications during pregnancy were included in the multivariate model; f In the multivariate regression analysis, the presence of BA, FS, age, sex, feeding practices, introverted father, paternal educational level, maternal educational level, maternal psychological status, and complications during pregnancy were significantly associated with ASD (P < 0.05)
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Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392