| Non-autistic participants (%) | Autistic participants (%) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | FDR | Odds ratio | FDR | Odds ratio | FDR | Odds ratio | FDR | |||
(95% CI) | p value | (95% CI) | p value | (95% CI) | p value | (95% CI) | p value | |||
Gastrointestinal | 20.25 | 38.56 | 2.47 | p < 0.0001 | 2.83 | p < 0.0001 | 2.75 | p < 0.0001 | 2.69 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.05–2.98) | (2.26–3.55) | (2.18–3.46) | (2.14–3.39) | |||||||
Irritable bowel syndrome | 11.75 | 25.00 | 2.50 | p < 0.0001 | 2.57 | p < 0.0001 | 2.44 | p < 0.0001 | 2.44 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.01–3.14) | (1.99–3.33) | (1.88–3.18) | (1.87–3.17) | |||||||
Ulcerative colitis (M) | 1.88 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.14 |
(0.04–1.06) | (0.05–1.31) | (0.05–1.32) | (0.05–1.39) | |||||||
Ulcerative colitis (F) | 1.12 | 1.96 | 1.76 | 0.21 | 1.70 | 0.26 | 1.73 | 0.24 | 1.77 | 0.74 |
(0.77–4.25) | (0.71–4.07) | (0.72–4.17) | (0.72–4.35) | |||||||
Coeliac Disease | 0.85 | 2.13 | 2.53 | 0.02 | 2.76 | 0.0193 | 2.17 | 0.09 | 2.55 | 0.0364 |
(1.24–5.57) | (1.24–6.17) | (0.95–4.96) | (1.13–5.76) | |||||||
Faecal incontinence | 1.11 | 3.72 | 3.46 | p < 0.0001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1.90–6.73) | ||||||||||
Gastric reflux | 8.43 | 19.77 | 2.68 | p < 0.0001 | 2.74 | p < 0.0001 | 2.80 | p < 0.0001 | 2.60 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.09–3.46) | (2.03–3.69) | (2.06–3.81) | (1.92–3.53) | |||||||
Peptic ulcers | 1.11 | 1.95 | 1.78 | 0.13 | 1.81 | 0.17 | 1.90 | 0.14 | 1.72 | 0.21 |
(0.90–3.64) | (0.82–4.03) | (0.85–4.25) | (0.77–3.86) | |||||||
Hernia (any) | 1.19 | 5.14 | 4.50 | p < 0.0001 | 4.54 | 1.0 × 10–4 | 4.38 | 1.8 × 10–4 | 4.54 | 1.4 × 10–4 |
(2.57–8.43) | (2.22–9.28) | (2.14–8.98) | (2.2–9.36) | |||||||
Gastroparesis | 0.43 | 2.22 | 5.30 | 1.4 × 10–3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(2.20–15.80) |  | |||||||||
Gallbladder disease | 0.68 | 2.22 | 3.31 | 5.9 × 10–3 | 3.18 | 0.02 | 3.09 | 0.02 | 2.95 | 0.04 |
(1.55–7.86) | (1.27–7.95) | (1.24–7.72) | (1.15–7.61) | |||||||
Gallstones | 1.96 | 3.99 | 2.08 | 7.7 × 10–3 | 2.40 | 6.0 × 10–3 | 2.40 | 6.5 × 10–3 | 1.95 | 0.05 |
(1.26–3.52) | (1.33–4.33) | (1.33–4.36) | (1.06–3.58) | |||||||
Diverticulosis | 0.85 | 1.51 | 1.78 | 0.19 | 2.32 | 0.11 | 2.30 | 0.13 | 2.29 | 0.13 |
(0.83–4.05) | (0.87–6.16) | (0.86–6.19) | (0.84–6.26) | |||||||
Chronic diarrhoea | 1.87 | 7.80 | 4.43 | p < 0.0001 | 3.92 | p < 0.0001 | 3.87 | p < 0.0001 | 3.71 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.81–7.30) | (2.30–6.68) | (2.26–6.63) | (2.17–6.36) | |||||||
Chronic constipation | 3.75 | 10.11 | 2.89 | p < 0.0001 | 3.22 | p < 0.0001 | 3.22 | p < 0.0001 | 2.96 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.04–4.17) | (2.13–4.88) | (2.10–4.94) | (1.94–4.51) | |||||||
Functional pain | 0.94 | 3.55 | 3.89 | 2.1 × 10–4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(2.06–8.00) | ||||||||||
Haemorrhoids | 4.77 | 9.66 | 2.14 | p < 0.0001 | 2.20 | 3.4 × 10–4 | 2.16 | 6.2 × 10–4 | 2.06 | 1.4 × 10–3 |
(1.54–3.00) | (1.47–3.31) | (1.43–3.27) | (1.36–3.11) | |||||||
GI polyps | 1.70 | 3.64 | 2.18 | 7.7 × 10–3 | 2.29 | 0.02 | 2.23 | p < 0.0001 | 2.33 | 0.0201 |
(1.28–3.81) | (1.19–4.42) | (1.15–4.32) | (1.20–4.53) | |||||||
Endocrine | 17.02 | 20.57 | 1.56 | 0.04 | 1.54 | 8.8 × 10–4 | 1.31 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 3.8 × 10–3 |
(1.26–1.56) | (1.21–1.96) | (1.10–1.81) | (1.15–1.89) | |||||||
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (F) | 5.23 | 8.81 | 1.75 | 0.01 | 1.85 | 5.8 × 10–3 | 1.89 | 5.0 × 10–3 | 1.59 | 0.05 |
(1.17–2.64) | (1.22–2.80) | (1.25–2.88) | (1.04–2.43) | |||||||
Premenstrual tension (F) | 8.59 | 13.99 | 1.73 | 1.8 × 10–3 | 1.89 | 4.3 × 10–3 | 1.54 | 0.02 | 1.81 | 1.6 × 10–3 |
(1.25–2.40) | (1.35–2.64) | (1.09–2.18) | (1.28–2.55) | |||||||
Endometriosis (F) | 3.74 | 6.57 | 1.81 | 0.02 | 2.09 | 4.8 × 10–3 | 1.98 | 0.01 | 1.89 | 0.02 |
(1.14–2.93) | (1.29–3.39) | (1.21–3.23) | (1.15–3.09) | |||||||
Fibroids (F) | 3.61 | 2.79 | 0.77 | 0.40 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.19 | 0.81 | 0.54 |
(0.43–1.36) | (0.50–1.67) | (0.33–1.22) | (0.44–1.50) | |||||||
Precocious puberty | 0.60 | 1.77 | 2.01 | 0.02 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(1.33–7.70) | ||||||||||
Hypothyroidism | 6.13 | 6.11 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.28 | 0.22 | 1.11 | 0.61 | 1.17 | 0.45 |
(0.71–1.40) | (0.89–1.84) | (0.76–1.62) | (0.80–1.71) | |||||||
Hyperthyroidism | 1.45 | 1.41 | 0.98 | 0.97 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(0.49–1.96) | ||||||||||
Rheumatological | 14.72 | 25.44 | 1.98 | p < 0.0001 | 2.33 | p < 0.0001 | 2.2 | p < 0.0001 | 2.16 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.60–2.44) | (1.81–3.01) | (1.69–2.87) | (1.66–2.80) | |||||||
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.30 | 3.28 | 1.44 | 0.19 | 1.27 | 0.48 | 1.18 | 0.63 | 1.31 | 0.45 |
(0.88–2.41) | (0.68–2.39) | (0.63–2.23) | (0.69–2.48) | |||||||
Osteoarthritis | 6.81 | 8.16 | 1.22 | 0.24 | 1.44 | 0.09 | 1.43 | 0.13 | 1.39 | 0.14 |
(0.89–1.66) | (0.96–2.16) | (0.93–2.20) | (0.92–2.09) | |||||||
Carpal tunnel syndrome | 1.87 | 5.14 | 2.84 | 1.2 × 10–4 | 3.53 | p < 0.0001 | 3.83 | p < 0.0001 | 3.46 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.75–4.77) | (2.01–6.21) | (2.13–6.89) | (1.95–6.13) | |||||||
Scoliosis | 2.21 | 3.90 | 1.79 | 0.03 | 1.65 | 0.09 | 1.54 | 0.16 | 1.61 | 0.21 |
(1.11–2.97) | (0.95–2.87) | (0.87–2.72) | (0.92–2.82) | |||||||
Spinal stenosis | 1.91 | 1.24 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 1.81 | 0.26 | 1.87 | 0.24 | 1.61 | 0.13 |
(0.49–2.21) | (0.67–4.89) | (0.68–5.13) | (0.92–2.82) | |||||||
Slipped disc | 1.79 | 4.97 | 2.87 | 1.4 × 10–4 | 3.34 | 6.1 × 10–4 | 2.84 | 4.5 × 10–3 | 3.09 | 1.8 × 10–3 |
(1.75–5.88) | (1.74–6.42) | (1.45–5.56) | (1.59–6.01) | |||||||
Fibromyalgia | 1.79 | 6.65 | 3.91 | p < 0.0001 | 3.95 | p < 0.0001 | 3.69 | p < 0.0001 | 3.49 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.44–6.55) | (2.37–6.68) | (2.18–6.26) | (2.04–5.95) | |||||||
Hypermobility (F) | 0.62 | 4.48 | 7.48 | 1.1 × 10–4 | 7.47 | 1.1 × 10–4 | 5.62 | 1.2 × 10–3 | 6.05 | 6.7 × 10–4 |
(3.17–21.97) | (2.87–19.44) | (2.11–15.00) | (2.30–15.9) | |||||||
Ehler-Danlos syndrome (F) | 0.87 | 6.29 | 7.64 | p < 0.0001 | 7.74 | p < 0.0001 | 6.81 | p < 0.0001 | 7.34 | p < 0.0001 |
(3.65–18.65) | (3.44–17.42) | (2.97–15.60) | (3.23–16.65) | |||||||
Neurological | 17.87 | 29.70 | 1.94 | p < 0.0001 | 2.24 | p < 0.0001 | 2.16 | p < 0.0001 | 2.14 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.60–2.36) | (1.77–2.83) | (1.71–2.73) | (1.68–2.71) | |||||||
Migraine | 14.81 | 22.70 | 1.69 | p < 0.0001 | 1.81 | p < 0.0001 | 1.76 | p < 0.0001 | 1.74 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.37–2.09) | (1.41–2.31) | (1.36–2.28) | (1.35–2.24) | |||||||
Epilepsy (M) | 2.96 | 1.94 | 0.65 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.47 | Â 0.67 | Â 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.50 |
(0.25–1.62) | (0.25–1.80) |  (0.25-1.78) | (0.25–1.90) | |||||||
Epilepsy (F) | 1.12 | 5.18 | 4.81 | 1.0 × 10–4 | 5.09 | p < 0.0001 | 4.65 | 2.1 × 10–4 | 4.69 | 2.0 × 10–4 |
(2.41–10.69) | (2.40–10.78) | (2.18–9.90) | (2.20–10.02) | |||||||
Syncope | 1.02 | 3.64 | 3.66 | 2.3 × 10–4 | 4.19 | 2.1 × 10–4 | 4.00 | 3.9 × 10–4 | 4.00 | 5.0 × 10–4 |
(1.97–7.30) | (2.05–8.57) | (1.95–8.21) | (1.94–8.27) | |||||||
Vertigo | 1.28 | 3.64 | 2.92 | 9.5 × 10–4 | 4.00 | 2.5 × 10–4 | 4.33 | 2.1 × 10–4 | 3.73 | 7.0 × 10–4 |
(1.64–5.47) | (1.99–8.05) | (2.10–8.93) | (1.83–7.58) | |||||||
Chronic Fatigue syndrome | 2.21 | 6.56 | 3.10 | p < 0.0001 | 3.33 | p < 0.0001 | 3.17 | p < 0.0001 | 3.19 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.00–4.97) | (2.03–5.50) | (1.92–5.24) | (1.92–5.29) | |||||||
Ocular | 35.83 | 44.24 | 1.42 | 1.2 × 10–4 | 1.63 | p < 0.0001 | 1.54 | 3.9 × 10–4 | 1.61 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.20–1.68) | (1.31–2.01) | (1.23–1.93) | (1.29–2.00) | |||||||
Nearsightedness | 28.40 | 31.10 | 1.14 | 0.19 | 1.26 | 0.06 | 1.19 | 0.19 | 1.24 | 0.07 |
(0.95–1.36) | (1.01–1.58) | (0.93–1.51) | (0.98–1.56) | |||||||
Farsightedness | 8.51 | 11.35 | 1.38 | 0.03 | 1.32 | 0.11 | 1.26 | 0.20 | 1.32 | 0.13 |
(1.05–1.82) | (0.96–1.82) | (0.90–1.76) | (0.95–1.83) | |||||||
Astigmatism | 18.30 | 25.10 | 1.50 | 2.2 × 10–4 | 1.76 | p < 0.0001 | 1.70 | 1.2 × 10–4 | 1.75 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.22–1.83) | (1.38–2.25) | (1.32–2.19) | (1.36–2.25) | |||||||
Blurred vision | 1.53 | 4.43 | 2.98 | 2.3 × 10–4 | 3.19 | 1.2 × 10–3 | 3.00 | 1.9 × 10–3 | 2.93 | 2.8 × 10–4 |
(1.76–5.28) | (1.62–5.95) | 1.56–5.76) | (1.52–5.66) | |||||||
Diplopia | 0.77 | 2.75 | 3.66 | 1.3 × 10–3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1.81–8.20) |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
Colourblindness | 1.19 | 1.60 | 1.34 | 0.43 | 3.53 | 0.08 | 3.37 | 0.08 | 2.98 | 0.14 |
(0.67–2.76) | (0.93–13.4) | (0.88–12.96) | (0.77–11.5) | |||||||
Strabismus | 0.94 | 2.57 | 2.79 | 6.7 × 10–3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1.43–5.87) |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||||
Amblyopia | 3.15 | 6.29 | 2.07 | 9.7 × 10–3 | 2.11 | 5.1 × 10–3 | 2.03 | 8.8 × 10–3 | 2.01 | 0.01 |
(1.39–3.13) | (1.29–3.47) | (1.23–3.35) | (1.21–3.34) | |||||||
Cataract | 3.83 | 3.46 | 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.87 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.79 |
(0.58–1.39) | (0.46–1.63) | (0.47–1.66) | (0.48–1.74) | |||||||
Blindness | 1.87 | 2.75 | 1.48 | 0.19 | 2.3 | 0.07 | 2.23 | 0.08 | 2.06 | 0.12 |
(0.86–2.60) | (1–5.28) | (0.97–5.14) | (0.89–4.80) | |||||||
Otolaryngology | 9.70 | 17.73 | 2.01 | p < 0.0001 | 1.96 | p < 0.0001 | 1.82 | 2.1 × 10–4 | 1.87 | 1.2 × 10–4 |
(1.57–2.57) | (1.46–2.62) | (1.35–2.45) | (1.39–2.51) | |||||||
Deafness | 1.02 | 2.93 | 2.92 | 2.9 × 10–3 | 2.18 | 0.07 | 2.02 | 0.11 | 2.1 | 0.09 |
(1.54–5.92) | (0.99–4.79) | (0.92–4.47) | (0.95–4.68) | |||||||
Tinnitus | 2.13 | 7.89 | 3.94 | p < 0.0001 | 3.91 | p < 0.0001 | 3.81 | p < 0.0001 | 3.81 | p < 0.0001 |
(2.55–6.31) | (2.26–6.76) | (2.19–6.62) | (2.19–6.63) | |||||||
Mouth ulcers | 2.55 | 5.76 | 2.33 | 3.6 × 10–4 | 2.18 | 3.6 × 10–3 | 2.11 | 5.9 × 10–3 | 2.06 | 8.7 × 10–3 |
(1.52–3.67) | (1.33–3.57) | (1.29–3.48) | (1.24–3.40) | |||||||
TMJ syndrome | 1.11 | 3.72 | 3.46 | 2.5 × 10–4 | 4.06 | 1.2 × 10–3 | 3.63 | 9.8 × 10–4 | 3.62 | 5.8 × 10–4 |
(1.90–6.73) | (2.07–7.94) | (1.77–7.46) | (1.83–7.14) | |||||||
Renal/hepatic | 3.75 | 8.33 | 2.34 | p < 0.0001 | 2.48 | 1.3 × 10–4 | 2.32 | 5.2 × 10–4 | 2.21 | 1.1 × 10–3 |
(1.63–3.40) | (1.60–3.84) | (1.49–3.62) | (1.41–3.46) | |||||||
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 0.51 | 1.51 | 2.98 | 0.03 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(1.23–8.29) |  |  |  |  |  | |||||
Kidney stones | 1.02 | 1.68 | 1.66 | 0.20 | 1.36 | 0.54 | 1.28 | 0.63 | 1.19 | 0.74 |
(0.81–3.53) | (0.53–3.49) | (0.49–3.30) | (0.45–3.1) | |||||||
Urinary incontinence | 1.02 | 3.99 | 4.03 | p < 0.0001 | 5.20 | p < 0.0001 | 5.32 | p < 0.0001 | 4.57 | 1.7 × 10–4 |
(2.19–8.00) | (2.53–10.70) | (2.54–11.20) | (2.18–9.54) | |||||||
Haematological | 7.40 | 11.34 | 1.60 | 2.3 × 10–3 | 1.75 | 8.6 × 10–4 | 1.67 | 3.1 × 10–3 | 1.76 | 2.1 × 10–3 |
(1.21–2.14) | (1.28–2.39) | (1.21–2.29) | (1.28–2.41) | |||||||
Iron deficiency anaemia | 5.79 | 8.78 | 1.57 | 9.3 × 10–3 | 1.74 | 2.8 × 10–3 | 1.69 | 5.8 × 10–3 | 1.74 | 3.6 × 10–3 |
(1.14–2.16) | (1.24–2.45) | (1.19–2.4) | (1.22–2.47) | |||||||
Dermatological | 21.78 | 29.97 | 1.54 | p < 0.0001 | 1.67 | p < 0.0001 | 1.70 | p < 0.0001 | 1.65 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.27–1.85) | (1.33–2.09) | (1.35–2.14) | (1.32–2.08) | |||||||
Eczema | 16.25 | 21.28 | 1.39 | 3.7 × 10–3 | 1.50 | 2.4 × 10–3 | 1.56 | 1.3 × 10–3 | 1.48 | 4.0 × 10–3 |
(1.13–1.72) | (1.17–1.92) | (1.21–2.01) | (1.15–1.90) | |||||||
Psoriasis | 3.75 | 7.54 | 2.09 | 2.5 × 10–5 | 1.76 | 0.02 | 1.76 | 0.02 | 1.70 | 0.06 |
(1.45–3.07) | (1.12–2.76) | (1.11–2.79) | (1.07–2.68) | |||||||
Acne | 7.40 | 13.03 | 1.87 | p < 0.0001 | 2.18 | p < 0.0001 | 2.09 | p < 0.0001 | 2.19 | p < 0.0001 |
(1.42–2.48) | (1.57–3.04) | (1.48–2.95) | (1.57–3.07) | |||||||
Hyperhidrosis | 0.51 | 1.86 | 3.70 | 7.8 × 10–3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1.58–10.10) | ||||||||||
Rosacea | 0.68 | 1.24 | 1.83 | 0.20 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(0.78–4.61) |  |  |  |  |  |  |