Fig. 1

Upregulation of evolutionarily young FL L1s in ASD. A Sum of average normalized expression of L1 subfamilies in all samples, quantified with TEspeX. L1 subfamilies have been divided into two groups: one comprising L1HS and all 20 L1PA subfamilies and one including all other 96 L1 subfamilies, and read counts have been normalized with DEseq2. B Average MilliDiv values for all and expressed L1 subfamilies, retrieved from RepeatMasker. Expressed L1 subfamilies have been defined as L1 subfamilies associated with at least an average of 200 reads among all samples by TEspeX. C Net number of upregulated L1 elements calculated by subtracting the number of downregulated L1s (z < − 3) to the number of upregulated L1s (z > 3) for all samples, in the case of the KO gene datasets; the average and standard deviation of the net number of upregulated L1s among replicates have been plotted. D Enrichment profile of ATRX ChIP-seq peaks on upregulated young FL L1s, expressed FL L1s and random 6 kbp intronic genomic coordinates