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Table 7 Sensitivity, specificity, AUC, PPV, NPV, and Cohen’s kappa between ASD and OD based on ASD cutoff criteria

From: Diagnostic validity of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, second edition (K-ADOS-2) in the Korean population

 Module

N of ASD

N of OD

Sensitivity (%)

Specificity (%)

AUC

PPV (%)

NPV (%)

Cohen’s kappa (p-value)

Total

1473

123

98.1

79.7

.89

98.3

77.8

.77** (p < .001)

Toddler Module

96

22

87.5

81.8

.85

95.5

60.0

.61** (p < .001)

 Toddler Module (12–20/NV21–30)

82

15

85.4

80.0

.83

95.9

50.0

.53** (p < .001)

 Toddler Module (21–30 SW)

14

7

100.0

85.7

.93

93.3

100.0

.89** (p < .001)

Module 1

564

27

98.2

81.5

.90

99.1

68.8

.73** (p < .001)

 Module 1 (NW)

287

12

97.9

83.3

.91

99.3

62.5

.70** (p < .001)

 Module 1 (SW)

277

15

98.6

80.0

.89

98.9

75.0

.76** (p < .001)

Module 2

388

26

99.2

92.3

.96

99.5

88.9

.90** (p < .001)

 Module 2 (< 5 yo)

186

19

98.9

94.7

.97

99.5

90.0

.92** (p < .001)

 Module 2 (≥ 5 yo)

202

7

99.5

85.7

.93

99.5

85.7

.85** (p < .001)

Module 3

233

39

99.6

71.8

.86

95.5

96.6

.80** (p < .001)

Module 4

192

9

99.0

66.7

.83

98.4

75.0

.70** (p < .001)

  1. Notes. *p < .05, **p < .01. AUC, area under curve; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; OD, other developmental disabilities; 12–20/NV21–30 12–20 months toddlers/nonverbal 21–30 months toddlers; 21–30 SW, 21–30 months toddlers with some words; NW, no words; SW, some words; and yo, years old