Fig. 2

Spred1-/- mice exhibit deficits in neonatal ultrasonic vocalization. Neonatal USVs upon maternal separation in WT and Spred1-/- mice were recorded from P4 to P12. A Mean call rate per minute (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures: main effect of age, F(4,156) = 12.28, ****p < 0.0001, no effect of genotype, no interaction). Mean ± SEM. B Mean call duration in milliseconds (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures: effect of age, F(4,156) = 7.347, p < 0.0001; no effect of genotype; no interaction). C Mean peak frequency of USV calls (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures: effect of age F(4,150) = 5.866, p = 0.0002; effect of genotype F(1,150) = 55.13, p < 0.0001; no interaction). D Mean peak amplitude of USV calls (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures: effect of age F(4,205) = 10.77, p < 0.0001, effect of genotype F(1,205) = 9.181, p = 0.0028; no interaction). For all analyses, n = 22–24 mice/genotype. Violin plots show median and quartiles. For C and D, asterisks indicate post-hoc Bonferroni multiple comparisons tests: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001