Fig. 2

Intranasal treatment of MSC-derived exosomes rescue social behavior in Shank3B KO mice in the three-chamber test. a In the social interaction test, MSC-exo-treated Shank3B KO mice spent more time in the chamber containing the stranger compared with the empty chamber when treated with exosomes, while Shank3B KO mice treated with PBS showed no preference. WT mice spent more time in the chamber containing the mouse compared with the empty one. b In the social novelty test, MSC-exo-treated Shank3B KO mice spent more time in the chamber containing the novel mouse, while Shank3B KO mice treated with PBS showed no preference. WT mice spent more time in the chamber containing the novel mouse. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. c Representative heat map for each group (top panel—phase 1, bottom panel—phase 2). One-way ANOVA followed with Bonferroni correction was used for behavioral tests analysis. Data are presented as means ± SEM