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Table 1 Summary of neurodevelopmental disorders modeled using cerebral organoids. Several studies have identified cellular phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders using organoids. Here, we summarize the organoid model used, the phenotypes found, and the age at which they were detected

From: Cerebral organoids as tools to identify the developmental roots of autism

Disorder

Mutation

Organoid type

Time-point(s) analyzed

Cellular phenotype identified

Reference

Microcephaly

CDK5RAP2+/−

Cerebral

30 days

Imbalance of symmetrical/asymmetrical division

[78]

ASD

Idiopathic

Cerebral

44 days

FOXG1 overexpressed in ASD

[89]

ASD

CDH8+/−

Cerebral

50 days

Dysregulation of neurogenesis associated genes

[149]

Miller-Dieker syndrome

17p13.3 del

Cerebral

45 days

Reduced migration

[6]

Timothy syndrome

CACNA1C, GoF

Forebrain assembloid

80 days

Migration and depolarization defects

[9]

Angelman syndrome

UBE3A−/−

Cortical

120-150 days

Hyperexcitability and synchronous firing

[139]

Schizophrenia, autism

DISC1+/−

Cortical sliced

120 days

Lamination defects

[120]

  1. GoF gain of function, del deletion