Fig. 3

Repeated fenofibrate administration relieved social deficits in young adult rats of both sexes prenatally exposed to VPA. The three-chamber test was employed to evaluate the social behavior of male and female rats that had been prenatally exposed to VPA or saline and postnatally treated with FBR or SD. The time spent exploring the social stimulus (a, f), the nonsocial stimulus (b, g), the sociability index (SI) (c, h), the latency to the first bout of social interactions (d, i), and the number of social interactions (e, j) were scored. a Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 9.35, p = 0.0038; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 1.63, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 15.08, p = 0.0003; post hoc comparison: ***p < 0.001 vs. saline-SD group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. VPA-SD group. b Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 1.008, p = n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 2.014 n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 2.41, n.s. c Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 4.84, p = 0.033; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 4.90, p = 0.0321; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 8.43, p = 0.0057; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. VPA-SD group. d Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 6.97, p = 0.0114; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 6.07, p = 0.017; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 5.004, p = 0.0304; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. VPA-SD group. e Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 11.87, p = 0.0013; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 7.77, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 4.54, p = 0.00386; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group; ^##p < 0.01 vs. VPA-SD group. f Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 0.35, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 3.74, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 1.21, n.s. g Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 0.106, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 0.0074, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 0.0008, n.s. h Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 0.021, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 0.93, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 0.106, n.s. i Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 0.17, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 0.31, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 2.10, n.s. j Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 6.35, p = 0.0154; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 2.86, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 5.67, p = 0.0216; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. VPA-SD group. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 12. k The social transmission of food preference test was performed to determine the ability of VPA/saline male and female rats treated with SD or FBR to eat a novel food upon a safety signal transmitted from a conspecific rat that had previously tasted the food. The latency to eat the novel food by male (l) and female rats (m) was measured. l Main panel: two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 11.73, p = 0.0013; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 5.39, p = 0.0248; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 5.22, p = 0.0272; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group; ^#p < 0.05 vs. VPA-SD group. Inset: the latency to eat the novel food without interaction with a demonstrator (uncued) is shown. Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 20} = 0.91, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 20} = 1.66, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 20} = 0.879, n.s. m Main panel: Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 44} = 11.92, p = 0.0012; FBR administration: F_{1, 44} = 2.95, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 44} = 4.84, p = 0.033; post hoc comparison: **p < 0.01 vs. saline-SD group ^#p < 0.05 vs. VPA-SD group. Inset: the latency to eat the novel food without interaction with a demonstrator (uncued) is shown. Two-way ANOVA, VPA exposure: F_{1, 20} = 0.202, n.s.; FBR administration: F_{1, 20} = 2.99, n.s.; interaction: F_{1, 20} = 1.018, n.s. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 12; insets: n = 6