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Table 4 Twin model associations between cortical volume, surface area and thickness of neocortical regions of interest (ROIs) and RRBI symptoms

From: Sex differences in brain structure: a twin study on restricted and repetitive behaviors in twin pairs with and without autism

ROIs Neocortical

Cortical volume

Surface area

Cortical thickness

Males β (SD)

q

Females β (SD)

q

Males β (SD)

q

Females β (SD)

q

Males β (SD)

q

Females β (SD)

q

Right lateral orbital sulcus

 25.19

21.64

 0.78

0.95

 0.03

0.02

(18.5)

(17.93)

(8.86)

(9.59)

(0.016)

(0.02)

0.889

0.554

0.971

0.976

0.752

0.667

Left lateral orbital sulcus

 10.35

47.58

 6.75

2.47

0.00

0.06

(13.23)

(24.76)

(6.79)

(8.49)

(0.02)

(0.04)

0.895

0.246

0.971

0.976

0.999

0.42

Right middle frontal sulcus

 62.16

 5.56

 23.66

5.97

0.00

 0.003

(75.19)

(93.0)

(20.28)

(30.69)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.895

0.962

0.971

0.976

0.999

0.91

Left middle frontal sulcus

 46.91

27.27

 3.27

3.45

 0.01

 0.01

(70.37)

(64.08)

(22.93)

(18.61)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.895

0.894

0.971

0.976

0.924

0.715

Right orbital gyrus

19.63

138.56

7.07

9.8

 0.01

0.05

(57.06)

(49.29)

(15.3)

(16.91)

(0.01)

(0.02)

0.931

0.178

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.056

Left orbital gyrus

97.56

 3.72

11.84

 7.86

0.004

0.019

(62.59)

(77.79)

(13.27)

(15.18)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.714

0.962

0.971

0.976

0.984

0.667

Right middle frontal gyrus

83.36

285.63

10.68

95.29

0.01

 0.02

(138.41)

(143.27)

(35.28)

(34.68)

(0.009)

(0.02)

0.895

0.246

0.971

0.072

0.924

0.608

Left middle frontal gyrus

 11.56

87.38

18.94

13.73

 0.01

 0.001

(160.84)

(173.55)

(35.76)

(36.58)

(0.01)

(0.02)

0.944

0.854

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.955

Right inferior frontal orbital gyrus

61.59

 25.2

10.41

 10

0.02

0.07

(22.08)

(36.49)

(4.38)

(7.67)

(0.03)

(0.02)

0.190

0.840

0.564

0.769

0.924

0.065

Left inferior frontal orbital gyrus

6.15

30.12

1.05

0.84

0.01

0.02

(19.3)

(28.32)

(4.38)

(5.88)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.931

0.609

0.971

0.976

0.924

0.667

Right anterior cingulate cortex

3.65

 45.16

 14.55

 8.86

0.007

0.002

(51.55)

(90.27)

(24.12)

(26.81)

(0.02)

(0.01)

0.944

0.854

0.971

0.976

0.924

0.910

Left anterior cingulate cortex

74.36

64.47

15.22

5.2

0.005

0.019

(81.02)

(59.73)

(27.96)

(16.14)

(0.01)

(0.01)

0.895

0.609

0.971

0.976

0.926

0.416

Right postcentral gyrus

98.99

95.24

13.86

24.14

0.017

0.01

(85.47)

(51.44)

(23.53)

(19.86)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.889

0.256

0.971

0.778

0.923

0.715

Left postcentral gyrus

53.83

 20.69

25.34

 1.88

0.007

0.005

(61.86)

(93.6)

(25.32)

(34.76)

(0.02)

(0.02)

0.895

0.900

0.971

0.976

0.926

0.828

Right postcentral sulcus

 143.93

52.32

 64.7

9.43

0.006

0.02

(90.46)

(66.92)

(36.76)

(29.48)

(0.01)

(0.008)

0.714

0.782

0.933

0.976

0.924

0.14

Left post central sulcus

58.03

 71.79

17.06

 27.95

0.003

0.015

(86.65)

(50.89)

(41.72)

(25.47)

(0.01)

(0.01)

0.895

0.525

0.971

0.778

0.984

0.416

Right precentral gyrus

 45.01

 22.53

 7.78

20.51

 0.003

 0.02

(82.87)

(71.65)

(24.97)

(18.62)

(0.02)

(0.019)

0.900

0.900

0.971

0.778

0.984

0.482

Left precentral gyrus

 78.17

62.85

5.9

32.14

 0.011

 0.019

(108)

(75.17)

(18.81)

(21.36)

(0.02)

(0.01)

0.895

0.764

0.971

0.596

0.924

0.143

Right inferior precentral sulcus

 38.95

 4.84

 26.55

1.94

 0.006

 0.010

(51.56)

(51.05)

(20.55)

(19.71)

(0.017)

(0.016)

0.895

0.962

0.971

0.976

0.926

0.715

Left inferior precentral sulcus

26.8

 13.62

 0.84

 9.55

 0.002

0.013

(54.84)

(54.21)

(16)

(19.95)

(0.012)

(0.01)

0.900

0.900

0.971

0.976

0.984

0.550

Right superior precentral sulcus

49.29

 23.56

10.74

0.85

0.014

 0.021

(40.37)

(62.97)

(16.76)

(28.51)

(0.01)

(0.014)

0.886

0.900

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.453

Left superior precentral sulcus

12.3

62.67

13.56

15.89

0.0002

0.015

(44.33)

(46.71)

(20.63)

(19.52)

(0.010)

(0.011)

0.938

0.525

0.971

0.935

0.999

0.482

Right central sulcus

17.46

59.85

9

29.72

 0.006

 0.008

(73.4)

(44.51)

(32.77)

(18.95)

(0.007)

(0.007)

0.942

0.525

0.971

0.596

0.923

0.607

Left central sulcus

5.45

38.7

 5.28

16.56

 0.001

 0.005

(37.96)

(64.97)

(17.64)

(33.12)

(0.009)

(0.008)

0.942

0.854

0.971

0.976

0.988

0.715

Right superior frontal sulcus

 27.93

269.97

 21.4

81.83

0.018

0.011

(146.59)

(129.92)

(45.76)

(37.33)

(0.009)

(0.014)

0.942

0.246

0.971

0.256

0.752

0.667

Left superior frontal sulcus

14.56

108.86

 11.46

30.68

0.012

0.005

(104.96)

(90.84)

(36.81)

(28.44)

(0.009)

(0.012)

0.942

0.554

0.971

0.778

0.923

0.746

Right superior frontal gyrus

63.05

237.18

 5.09

66.53

0.011

0.007

(158.88)

(121.69)

(45.05)

(34.86)

(0.011)

(0.009)

0.931

0.246

0.971

0.406

0.923

0.698

Left superior frontal gyrus

 278.67

 363.82

 96.72

− 130.44

0.017

0.028

(156.8)

(187.75)

(44.93)

(47.07)

(0.009)

(0.012)

0.714

0.246

0.564

0.072

0.752

0.143

Right supramarginal gyrus

134.4

21.49

 3.27

15.28

0.030

0.012

(107.4)

(93.84)

(23.98)

(35.15)

(0.026)

(0.025)

0.889

0.900

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.746

Left supramarginal gyrus

 152.85

 248.39

 34.84

 53.37

 0.007

 0.012

(97.63)

(119.75)

(39)

(35.18)

(0.015)

(0.019)

0.714

0.246

0.971

0.596

0.924

0.715

Right superior parietal gyrus

 52.18

 62.3

7.1

 24.15

 0.01541

0.011

(103.56)

(111.09)

(29.1)

(33.94)

(0.01462)

(0.011)

0.900

0.8541

0.9709

0.9763

0.9228

0.6287

Left superior parietal gyrus

 58.84

53.91

36.09

1.72

 0.024

 0.002

(93.96)

(201.92)

(31.37)

(52.12)

(0.025)

(0.021)

0.8951

0.900

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.942

Right intraparietal sulcus

38.48

 169.78

15.22

− 120.61

0.011

0.037

(111.05)

(88.27)

(53.82)

(39.45)

(0.011)

(0.010)

0.931

0.246

0.971

0.072

0.923

0.012

Left intraparietal sulcus

 51.43

97.68

 26.31

25.49

0.008

0.018

(80.57)

(95.6)

(36.84)

(47.17)

(0.009)

(0.011)

0.895

0.614

0.971

0.976

0.923

0.416

Right angular gyrus

 284.76

150.72

 61.86

 32.72

 0.020

0.055

(150.54)

(114.9)

(38.01)

(38.6)

(0.023)

(0.028)

0.714

0.525

0.933

0.935

0.923

0.244

Left angular gyrus

 113.07

71.55

 1.29

25.98

 0.019

 0.027

(146.84)

(128.96)

(35.37)

(29.82)

(0.029)

(0.028)

0.895

0.854

0.971

0.935

0.924

0.658

  1. Estimates (B), standard deviations (SD) and q values (q) for the within-pair associations between all surface-based neocortical measures (volume, surface area, and thickness) and repetitive behavior symptoms, as assessed by the ADI-R C. A positive estimate indicates an increase in brain estimate related to more repetitive behavior symptoms. Bold text indicates significant associations (FDR-corrected q value < 0.05), while bold and grey text indicate associations with q value < 0.10 (FDR-corrected)