Fig. 6

Decreased GABA and GAD expression in the VPA retina. a Photomicrographs from CTR and VPA retinal sections showing immunolabeling for GABA (red) and cell nuclei (DAPI, blue). The GABA antibody labels somas in the INL and GCL and bands of immunoreactive processes in the IPL. Scale bar = 25 μm. b Mean GABA fluorescence in VPA retinas relative to CTR (± SEM; n = 6 pairs) in the OPL (p = 0.735), INL (p = 0.425), IPL (*p = 0.030), and GCL (*p = 0.040). c Photomicrographs of sections from CTR and VPA retinas showing immunolabeling for GAD (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). GAD immunoreactivity is located in the IPL. Scale bar = 25 μm. d Mean GAD fluorescence in VPA retinas relative to CTR (± SEM; n = 5 pairs, *p = 0.037). e Left: Mean optical density (± SEM) of the GAD immunofluorescence in blots of CTR (white bar, n = 8) and VPA (black bar, n = 7) retinas, normalized to the beta-actin signal (**p = 0.007). Right: Representative GAD bands (65/67 kDa) and the corresponding beta-actin bands (42 kDa) of CTR vs. VPA. f Photomicrographs of sections from CTR and VPA retinas showing immunolabeling for GAT-1 (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). GAT-1 immunoreactivity is diffusely distributed throughout the IPL. Scale bar = 25 μm. g Mean GAT-1 signal in VPA retinas relative to CTR (± SEM; n = 5 pairs, p = 0.973). The red dashed lines in b, d, and g represent the value for CTR (= 1)