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Table 4 Summary of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders in China (25 studies)

From: Autism prevalence in China is comparable to Western prevalence

Year

First author

Region

Sample size

Area

Age

Sample screened

Screen methods

Screen tools

Cut-off

Response rate

P/R

Diagnostic tools

Diagnostic criteria

Childhood autism prevalence/SE (per 10,000)

ASC prevalence/SE (per 10,000)

1987

Tao [25]

Mainland

457,200

Urban

3–8

C

R

N/A

N/A

N/A

R

N/A

Rutter

0.32 (0.08)

–

2000

Luo [51]

Mainland

10,802

Mixed

2–14

SG

QI

ABC

31

100%

P

N/A

CCMD-2-R, DSM-III-R

2.8 (1.60)

–

2002

Wang [30]

Mainland

3.978

Urban

2–6

K

QI

CABS*

7

98.3%

P

CARS

CCMD-2-R

17.9 (6.70)

–

2002

Ren [43]

Mainland

3559

Urban

3–5

SG

QI

CABS

14

99.1%

P

N/A

N/A

250 (2.31)

–

2003

Wang[52]

Mainland

7488

Mixed

2–6

SG

QI

CABS

7

98.08%

P

CARS

CCMD-2-R

12.3 (4.05)

–

2003

Chang [26]

Taiwan

660

Mixed

15–93

C

C

ASDASQ

5

100%

P

N/A

DSM-IV

–

60.0 (30.06)

2004

Guo [53]

Mainland

5000

Urban

0–6

WP

QI

CABS

7

99.1%

P

CARS

CCMD-2-R

10 (4.47)

–

2004

Guo [54]

Mainland

3776

Rural

2–6

SG

QI

CABS

7

100%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

8 (4.59)

–

2005

Zhang [55]

Mainland

7416

Urban

2–6

SG

QI

CABS

7

99%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

11.0 (3.85)

–

2005

Zhang [29]

Mainland

1305

Urban

3–7

K

QI

CABS

14

100%

P

N/A

N/A

19.9 (2.47)

–

2005

Liu [56]

Mainland

21,866

Mixed

2–6

SG

QI

CABS

7

100%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

13.4 (2.47)

15.3 (2.64)

2007

Yang [31]

Mainland

10,412

Urban

3–12

PS

QI

ABC

31

100%

P

N/A

DSM-IV

5.6 (2.32)

–

2007

Wong [22]

Hong Kong

4,247,206

Mixed

0–14

HS

R

N/A

N/A

N/A

R

CARS,

ADI-R

DSM-IV

–

16.1 (0.19)

2008

Zhang [21]

Mainland

8681

Urban

2–3

SG

QI

CHAT

N/A

100%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

16.1 (4.3)

–

2008

Zhang [21]

Mainland

12,430

Urban

4–6

SG

QI

CABS

14

100%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

8.85 (2.7)

–

2009

Zhang [57]

Mainland

5000

Urban

0–6

SG

QI

CABS

7

99.98%

P

CARS

CCMD-2-R

10.0 (4.47)

–

2009

Wang [28]

Mainland

4156

Urban

2–6

K

QI

CABS

14

100%

P

N/A

N/A

19.5 (6.84)

–

2010

Li [58]

Mainland

8006

Mixed

1.5–3

SG

QI

CHAT

N/A

92.99%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

26.2 (5.71)

–

2010

Wu [59]

Mainland

8532

Urban

0–3

SG

QI

CHAT

N/A

100%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

8.2 (3.10)

–

2010

Yu [33]

Mainland

7059

Mixed

2–6

SG

Q

CABS

7

89.7%

P

N/A

DSM-IV

21.2 (5.47)

22.7 (5.66)

2010

Chen [32]

Mainland

7034

Mixed

2–6

SG

Q

CABS

7

98.78%

P

CARS

DSM-IV

14.2 (4.49)

24.2 (5.86)

2011

Wang [27]

Mainland

7500

Urban

2–6

K

QI

CABS

14

87.8%

P

N/A

DSM-IV

29.5 (6.26)

75.4 (9.99)

2011

Liang [60]

Mainland

2485

Urban

3–6

K

QI

CABS

14

100%

P

N/A

DSM-IV,

ICD-10

14.1 (7.53)

–

2011

Li [24]

Mainland

616,940

Mixed

0–17

SG

QI

ABC

N/A

N/A

P

N/A

ICD-10

2.38 (0.20)

–

2011

Chien [23]

Taiwan

372,642

Mixed

0–17

HS

R

N/A

N/A

N/A

R

N/A

ICD-9

–

28.7 (0.88)

  1. –, data not available. Sample screened: C clinical patients, SG stratified general population, K kindergartens, WP whole population, PS primary schools, HS population in health system; screen methods: R records, QI questionnaire-based interview, C clinical referral, Q questionnaire distribution. ABC Autism Behaviour Checklist, CABS Clancy Autism Behavioural Scale, ASDASQ Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Screening Questionnaire, M-CHAT The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale, P perspective, R retrospective, CAST Childhood Autism Spectrum Test, ADOS Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADI-R Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, DSM-V Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, ICD-10 International Classification of Disease-10th revision
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Molecular Autism

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