Skip to main content
Fig. 2 | Molecular Autism

Fig. 2

From: Prenatal exposure to valproic acid increases miR-132 levels in the mouse embryonic brain

Fig. 2

Time course of changes in miR-132 levels in male and female embryonic brains after prenatal VPA exposure at E12.5. Mothers were treated with VPA (500 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline at E12.5, and the embryos were removed at the indicated time after the drug exposure. Whole brains (E12–13) or cerebral cortex (E18 and P1) were immediately removed from the embryos or pups, and total RNA was extracted and subjected to real-time PCR analysis. The sex of each embryo was determined by PCR. a: Male; b: Female. The results, which are normalized to GAPDH mRNA levels, are expressed as % of saline-treated control, and are presented as means ± SEM (1 h, n = 4 from one VPA- and two saline-treated dams; 2 h, n = 4 from three VPA- and two saline-treated dams; 6 h, n = 5 from two VPA- and two saline-treated dams; 12, 18, and 24 h, n = 4 from two VPA- and two saline-treated dams; 6 days, n = 6 from three VPA- and three saline-treated dams; 9 days, n = 4–5 from four VPA- and two saline-treated dams). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, versus saline-treated control (two-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test)

Back to article page