Illusion and example | Study | Method | Summary of group differences in susceptibility |
---|---|---|---|
Ebbinghaus (or Titchener circles)
| Happé [7] | Same/different | AUT < CONa,b |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Same/different | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [12] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT ≈ CONc | |
Schwarzkopf et al. [16] | Forced choice | AUT = CON | |
Müller-Lyer
| Happé [7] | Same/different | AUT = CONa,b |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT > CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Same/different | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [12] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT = CON | |
Ishida et al. [13] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT = CON | |
Ponzo
| Happé [7] | Same/different | AUT < CONa,b |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Same/different | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [12] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT = CON | |
Ishida et al. [13] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT < CON | |
Illusory (Kanisza) figures
| Happé [7] | “How many triangles?” | AUT < CONa |
Milne and Scope [15] | Forced choice | AUT = CON | |
Poggendorff
| Happé [7] | “Which line joins up with which?” | AUT < CONa,b |
Hering
| Happé [7] | “Are lines straight or curvy?” | AUT < CONa,b |
Horizontal-vertical (or Hat)
| Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT < CON |
Ropar and Mitchell [10] | Same/different | AUT = CON | |
Ropar and Mitchell [12] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT < CON | |
Shepard’s tables
| Mitchell et al. [14] | Method-of-adjustment | AUT < CON |