Advanced parental age [23], 2017
| | | | | | | |
• Highest paternal age category
|
20
|
4 cohort; 16 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Highest maternal age category
|
19
|
4 cohort; 15 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Labor [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Prolonged labor
|
9
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Induced or augmented labor
|
8
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Precipitous labor
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Premature rupture of membranes
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Delivery options [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Cesarean section [29], 2015
|
21
|
6 Cohort; 15 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Emergency cesarean
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Elective cesarean
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Delivery anesthesia
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• General anesthesia
|
3
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Assisted vaginal delivery
|
14
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Forceps
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Vacuum extraction
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Conditions at birth [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Abnormal presentation
|
15
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Breech presentation
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Cord complications
|
14
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Fetal distress
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Birth injury or trauma
|
6
|
NA
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Twins or multiple birth
|
10
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Maternal hemorrhage [25], 2011
|
4
|
NA
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Timing of birth [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• January through March
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• April through June
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• July through September
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• October through December
|
4
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absentb
|
• Fall
|
3
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Winter
|
3
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Spring
|
3
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Summer
|
3
|
NA
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Birth spacing (ref ≥36 m) [30], 2016
|
7
|
3 cohort; 3 cross-sectional; 1 case-control
| | | | | |
• <12 months
|
5
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
NC
|
• 12–23 months
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
NC
|
• 24–35 months
|
5
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
NC
|
Birth spacing (ref 24–59 m) [30], 2016
| | | | | | | |
• <12 months
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
NC
|
• 12–23 months
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
NC
|
• >60 months
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
NC
|
Gestational age [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Postterm
|
14
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Preterm
|
17
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• >4 weeks preterm
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Birth weight [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Birth weight <2500 g
|
15
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Birth weight <2000 g
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Birth weight <1500 g
|
3
|
NA
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Birth weight >4000 g
|
6
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absentb
|
Neonatal clinical and medical conditions [25], 2011
| | | | | | | |
• Meconium aspirated
|
3
|
NA
|
+++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absentb
|
• Neonatal infection
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Elevated temperature
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• ABO or Rh incompatible
|
5
|
NA
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice
|
14
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Jaundice
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Hyperbilirubinemia
|
6
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Phototherapy
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Medical intervention in the first month
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Impaired gas exchange [28], 2016
| | | | | | | |
• Acidosis at birth
|
2
|
2 population-based
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apgar at 1 min <6
|
3
|
3 population-based
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apgar at 1 min <7
|
3
|
3 population-based
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apgar at 5 min <7
|
6
|
6 population-based
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apgar at 5 min <8
|
3
|
2 population-based; 1 clinic-based
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apgar at 5 min <9
|
2
|
1 population-based; 1 clinic-based
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Apnea/delayed crying
|
5
|
3 population-based; 2 clinic-based
|
++
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Respiratory distress
|
12
|
6 population-based; 6 clinic-based
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Ventilation/O2 treatment
|
9
|
4 population-based; 5 clinic-based
|
++
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Presentc
|
• Undefined hypoxia/asphyxia
|
9
|
2 population-based; 7 clinic-based
|
++
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Mother born in another country [24], 2009
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Previous fetal loss [24], 2009
|
13
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Birth order/parity [24], 2009
| | | | | | | |
• 1 pregnancy increase
|
8
|
NA
|
−/+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st vs. not 1st
|
11
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st vs. 2nd
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st vs. 2nd or 3rd
|
6
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st vs. 3rd+
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st vs. 4th+
|
6
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st or 4th vs. 2nd or 3rd
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 4th vs. 2nd or 3rd
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Maternal illness/conditions [24], 2009
| | | | | | | |
• Maternal proteinuria
|
3
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Toxemia/preeclampsia, hypertension, swelling
|
25
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Maternal diabetes [31], 2014
|
12
|
3 cohort
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
9 case-control
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Maternal infection [33], 2016
|
15
|
2 cohort; 13 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Bacterial infection [33], 2016
|
4
|
NA
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Viral infection [33], 2016
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Influenza [33], 2016
|
3
|
NA
|
+/
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Genitourinary infection [33], 2016
|
8
|
NA
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Skin infection [33], 2016
|
3
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Gastrointestinal infection [33], 2016
|
3
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Respiratory infection [33], 2016
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Family history of autoimmune disease [35], 2015
|
11
|
3 cohort; 6 case-control; 2 cross-sectional
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Presentc
|
• Maternal autoimmune disease [34], 2016
|
10
|
9 case-control; 1 cohort
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Rubella
|
3
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Fever
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Nausea vomiting
|
6
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Physical injury accident
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Any illness
|
4
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Maternal weight [32], 2016
| | | | | | | |
• Maternal underweight
|
5
|
All cohort
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Maternal overweight
|
5
|
All cohort
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Maternal obesity
|
7
|
6 cohort; 1 case-control
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Prenatal visit [24], 2009
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Bleeding [24], 2009
|
19
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 1st trimester
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 2nd trimester
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• 3rd trimester
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Placental abnormalities [24], 2009
|
8
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Placenta previa
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Placenta abruption
|
2
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Placental infarcts
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
High maternal weight gain during pregnancy [24], 2009
|
5
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Maternal smoking [39], 2015
|
15
|
4 cohort; 11 case-control
|
+/−
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Prenatal
|
8
|
NA
|
+/−
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
NC
|
• Neonatal
|
2
|
NA
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
NC
|
• Postnatal
|
5
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
NC
|
Medication use during pregnancy [24], 2009
|
15
|
NA
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
| |
• Anticonvulsants
|
2
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• SSRIs [38], 2016
|
8
|
3 cohort; 5 case-control
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Antidepressants [112], 2014
|
3
|
All case-control
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Thimerosal [47], 2014
|
9
|
1 retrospective and 2 prospective cohort; 6 case-control
|
+/−
|
+
|
+
|
Mixeda
|
Presentd
|
Inorganic mercury [47], 2014
|
3
|
3 case-control
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
+
|
NC
|
Vaccination [52], 2014
|
10
|
5 cohort
|
−/+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
5 case-control
|
−
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
MMR vaccine [52], 2014
|
3
|
All cohort
|
−/+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Absent
|
Metal exposure [48], 2014
| | | | | | | |
• Hg through vaccine [52], 2014
|
2
|
Both retrospective cohort
|
+/−
| | | | |
• Hair Hg
|
7
|
All case-control
|
+/−
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Hair Cd
|
4
|
All case-control
|
−/+
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Hair Pb
|
5
|
All case-control
|
+
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Hair Cu
|
4
|
All case-control
|
+/−
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Hair Se
|
3
|
All case-control
|
−/+
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Hair Li
|
3
|
All case-control
|
−/+
|
−
|
NC
|
+
|
NC
|
• Zn/Cu [113], 2015
|
11
|
All case-control
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
Nutritional intake [40], 2013
| | | | | | | |
• Zinc [41], 2016
|
12
|
All case-control
|
−
|
+
|
−
|
+
|
Absent
|
• Calcium
|
8
|
NA
|
−−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Carbohydrates
|
7
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Energy
|
6
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Fiber
|
6
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Iron
|
7
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Protein
|
7
|
NA
|
−−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Total fat
|
6
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Vitamin A
|
6
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Vitamin C
|
7
|
NA
|
−/+
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
• Vitamin D [42], 2016
|
11
|
All case-control
|
−−−
|
−
|
−
|
+
|
Possible
|
• Vitamin E
|
5
|
NA
|
+/−
|
−
|
−
|
−
|
Absent
|
Air pollution [46], 2016
| | | | | | | |
• PM10 (every 10 μg/m3)
|
6
|
5 case-control; 1 cohort
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
NC
|
• PM2.5 (every 10 μg/m3)
|
3
|
3 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
−
|
NC
|
• O3 (every 10 μg/m3) [114], 2014
|
2
|
2 case-control
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
−
|
NC
|