Table 2 Microbiota composition in cecal and fecal samples from B6 and BTBR mice following chow or ketogenic feeding

Cecal microbes (×1000)

Akkermansia muciniphila

1.1 ± 0.1^a

0.3 ± 0.04^b

1011 ± 153^c

0.2 ± 0.02^b

Bacteroides/Prevotella spp.

7028 ± 611^ab

5044 ± 1114^a

9233 ± 1211^b

709 ± 317^c

Bifidobacterium spp.

6132 ± 1071^a

17.6 ± 4.8^b

381 ± 95^c

5.6 ± 0.9^d

Clostridium cluster I

24.6 ± 2.2^a

9.3 ± 1.7^b

13.9 ± 1.7^c

6.2 ± 0.7^b

Clostridium cluster XI

1.4 ± 0.1^a

3.7 ± 0.8^b

1.0 ± 0.09^c

2.7 ± 0.3^b

Clostridium coccoides

53,223 ± 4428^a

17,128 ± 4253^b

46,568 ± 3885^a

11,157 ± 2451^b

Clostridium leptum

4959 ± 811^ab

2668 ± 690^ac

6150 ± 612^b

1570 ± 281^c

Enterobacteriaceae

257 ± 42^a

70 ± 12^b

77 ± 7.9^b

36 ± 4.7^c

Total Firmicutes

61,819 ± 4641^a

19,874 ± 4290^b

57,015 ± 4086^a

12,795 ± 2602^b

Lactobacillus spp.

3609 ± 1078^a

65 ± 31^b

4279 ± 790^a

59 ± 36^b

Methanobrevibacter spp.

2.6 ± 0.5^a

3.4 ± 0.2^b

10 ± 0.9^c

2.9 ± 0.4^ab

Roseburia spp.

2.4 ± 0.3^a

0.7 ± 0.08^b

3.3 ± 0.3^a

0.5 ± 0.1^b

Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio

9.4 ± 1.0^a

4.6 ± 1.2^a

6.9 ± 0.7^a

32.5 ± 5.8^b

Fecal microbes (×1000)

Akkermansia muciniphila

0.2 ± 0.02^ab

0.3 ± 0.06^ac

1392 ± 223^d

0.2 ± 0.03^bc

Bacteroides/Prevotella spp.

11,734 ± 1128^a

31,189 ± 6810^b

22,562 ± 3294^b

3654 ± 903^c

Bifidobacterium spp.

10,414 ± 999^a

120 ± 27^b

951 ± 229^c

22.6 ± 5.2^d

Clostridium cluster I

5.6 ± 0.4^a

12.7 ± 2.0^bc

18.0 ± 2.7^bd

15.3 ± 2.4^cd

Clostridium cluster XI

11.6 ± 1.1^ab

8.2 ± 1.4^ac

4.4 ± 1.3^d

10.6 ± 1.5^bc

Clostridium coccoides

26,467 ± 4814^a

20,859 ± 3938^a

36,587 ± 4428^a

37,019 ± 7867^a

Clostridium leptum

2879 ± 613^ab

3015 ± 594^a

3956 ± 364^bc

7245 ± 1508^c

Enterobacteriaceae

253 ± 25^ab

633 ± 161^ac

116 ± 9.5^d

419 ± 112^bc

Total Firmicutes

37,399 ± 5318^a

24,121 ± 3998^b

49,118 ± 4672^a

44,782 ± 7907^a

Lactobacillus spp.

8031 ± 1573^a

225 ± 80^b

8548 ± 1535^a

492 ± 134^b

Methanobrevibacter spp.

9.0 ± 0.7^a

0.7 ± 0.1^b

5.7 ± 1.9^c

0.8 ± 0.1^b

Roseburia spp.

5.3 ± 0.6^a

1.3 ± 0.2^b

5.3 ± 0.9^a

0.9 ± 0.1^b

Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio

3.5 ± 0.7^a

1.2 ± 0.3^a

2.4 ± 0.2^a

13 ± 1.8^b