Table 4 Percent endorsed ADI-R DSM-5 diagnostic item abnormality (non-zero scores) by diagnosis
ADHD | ASD | |
|---|---|---|
Past (current) | Past (current) | |
A1. Socio-emotional reciprocity | ||
Social chat (item 34) | 71 (61) | 79 (67) |
Conversation (item 35)** | 69 (70) | 90 (88) |
Use of other’s body to communicate (item 31)^^ | 15 (13) | 24 (7) |
Showing and directing attention (item 52) | 35 (24) | 57 (36) |
Seeking to share enjoyment (item 54) | 33 (25) | 55 (31) |
Offering comfort (item 55) | 49 (47) | 69 (55) |
Social smiling (item 51) | 58 (51) | 73 (66) |
A2. Non-verbal communicative behaviors | ||
Pointing (item 42) | 52 (50) | 67 (56) |
Nodding (item 43) | 41 (44)a | 45 (32) |
Shaking (item 44) | 30 (40) | 40 (32) |
Conventional/instrumental gestures (item 45) | 51 (44) | 75 (63) |
Range of facial expressions (item 57) | 60 (53) | 66 (60) |
Quality of social overture (item 56) | 52 (49) | 65 (49) |
A3. Developing and maintaining relationships | ||
Inappropriate questions (item 36) | 67 (69)a | 67 (65) |
Inappropriate facial expressions (item 58) | 54 (56)a | 57 (54) |
Offering to share (item 53) | 72 (64) | 74 (63) |
Appropriateness of social responses (item 59) | 61 (64)a | 79 (73) |
Social disinhibition (item 66) | 84 (82) | 83 (80) |
Friendships (item 65)b | 64 (73) | 82 (79) |
B1. Stereotyped/repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects | ||
Stereotyped language (item 33)*** | 52 (47) | 72 (68) |
Pronoun reversal (item 37) | 28 (11) | 38 (14) |
Neologisms/idiosyncratic language (item 38) | 26 (24) | 34 (21) |
Repetitive use of objects (item 69) | 61 (47) | 65 (46) |
Hand/finger mannerisms (item 77) | 20 (18) | 40 (34) |
Other complex mannerisms (item 78) | 28 (22) | 50 (43) |
B2. Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns, or resistance to change. | ||
Verbal rituals (item 39) | 33 (33) | 38 (33) |
Compulsions/rituals (item 70) | 48 (42) | 54 (49) |
Difficulties with minor changes in routines/environment (item 74) | 66 (66) | 69 (61) |
Resistance to trivial changes in the environment (item 75) | 24 (22) | 19 (16) |
B3. Highly restricted, fixated interests. | ||
Unusual preoccupations (item 67) | 26 (22) | 38 (29) |
Circumscribed interests (item 68) | 67 (66) | 76 (71) |
Unusual attachment to objects (item 76) | 24 (16) | 29 (15) |
B4. Hyper-/hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory environment | ||
Undue general sensitivity to noise (item 72) | 50 (48) | 69 (63) |
Abnormal, idiosyncratic, negative response to specific sensory stimuli (item 73) | 53 (55) | 63 (61) |
Unusual sensory interests (item 71) | 61 (64)b | 63 (57) |