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Table 1 Participants in the current study

From: Distinct effects of ASD and ADHD symptoms on reward anticipation in participants with ADHD, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study

 

ADHD

Siblings

Control

 
 

N = 136

N = 83

N = 105

 
 

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Comparison*

Age (years)

17.71 ± 3.04

18.36 ± 3.78

17.18 ± 3.01

ADHD = SIBS + CON; SIBS > CON

IQ

98.40 ± 14.80

99.11 ± 14.00

107.77 ± 13.91

CON > (ADHD = SIBS)

Conners T Score (combined scales)

69.76 ± 12.92

47.73 ± 6.69

45.38 ± 4.52

ADHD > SIBS > CON

CSBQ ASD

10.56 ± 9.44

9.14 ± 10.10

3.43 ± 4.54

(ADHD = SIBS) > CON

CSBQ Lack of Social Interest

3.89 ± 4.35

3.27 ± 4.14

1.12 ± 2.12

(ADHD = SIBS) > CON

CSBQ Problems with Social Understanding

3.93 ± 3.80

3.36 ± 3.75

1.38 ± 2.12

(ADHD = SIBS) > CON

CSBQ Stereotypical Behaviour

1.43 ± 2.32

1.42 ± 2.23

0.45 ± 1.06

(ADHD = SIBS) > CON

CSBQ Resistance to Change

1.32 ± 1.65

1.10 ± 1.67

0.48 ± 1.01

(ADHD = SIBS) > CON

Reward Hit rate

.361 ± 0.06

.360 ± 0.06

.362 ± 0.06

ADHD = SIBS = CON

No Reward Hit rate

.335 ± 0.07

.333 ± 0.06

.335 ± 0.06

ADHD = SIBS = CON

RT Reward Hits (ms)

292 ± 38.02

284 ± 67.64

283 ± 66.45

ADHD = SIBS = CON

RT No Reward Hits (ms)

326 ± 54.12_

314 ± 79.54

310 ± 75.86

ADHD = SIBS = CON

RT Reward Miss (ms)

294 ± 40.10

283 ± 64.40

283 ± 64.40

ADHD = SIBS = CON

RT No Reward Miss (ms)

331 ± 59.06

311 ± 73.36

309 ± 78.13

ADHD > CON, ADHD = SIBS, SIBS = CON

Adulta

49.3 %

44.6 %

39.0 %

Equal**

Siteb

40 %

40 %

59 %

Unequal**

Sex

69 % M

45 % M

45 % M

Unequal**

  1. SD standard deviation, ADHD participants with ADHD, SIBS unaffected siblings, CON unrelated control participants, M male.
  2. *Comparisons were made using independent sample t tests at p < 0.05; **equality of the distributions across participant groups was tested using Pearson’s Chi Square Tests at p < 0.05
  3. aPercentage of participants aged 18 years or older
  4. bPercentage of participants scanned in Amsterdam (the remainder was scanned in Nijmegen)