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Table 2 Significant differences in relative regional gray matter volume between participants with ASD and TDC participants, after controlling for full-scale IQ

From: Regional brain volume differences between males with and without autism spectrum disorder are highly age-dependent

Region

BA

Hemisphere

MNI coordinates

T value

Cluster-level P value a

Cluster size (voxels)

   

x

y

z

Model 1: ASD > TDC

  Thalamus cluster

Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

 

L

−1

−12

19

4.71

0.014

563

 

Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

  

0

−6

9

4.09

  
 

Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus

 

R

11

−21

15

3.71

  

  Right orbital frontal cluster

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

R

3

8

−24

4.68

0.002

761

   

R

27

15

−23

4.37

  
   

R

30

27

−27

4.17

  

Model 1: ASD < TDC

  Temporo-parieto-occipital junction cluster

Angular/middle occipital gyrus

39

L

−40

−75

30

3.81

0.058b

430

 

Precuneus/middle occipital gyrus

19

L

−27

−84

40

3.75

  
 

Precuneus/middle occipital gyrus

19

L

−36

−75

42

3.51

  

Model 2: ASD > TDC

  Thalamus cluster

Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

 

L

−1

−12

19

4.79

0.003

697

 

Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus

…

R

11

−21

15

3.93

  
   

…

0

3

18

3.43

  

  Right inferior orbital frontal cluster

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

R

3

8

−24

4.63

0.009

605

 

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

R

27

15

−23

4.35

  
 

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

R

30

27

−27

4.10

  

Model 2: ASD by age > TDC by age

  Cuneus cluster

Cuneus

18

 

0

−90

16

5.51

<0.001

2,813

 

Cuneus

19

R

26

−85

34

4.34

  
 

Cuneus

17

R

2

−82

12

4.31

  

  Anterior prefrontal cluster

Medial frontal gyrus

10

L

−6

71

−3

5.45

<0.001

4,277

 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

L

−19

71

−3

5.27

  
 

Middle frontal gyrus

10

L

−30

51

−9

4.92

  

Model 2: ASD by age < TDC by age

         

  Left cerebellum cluster

Crus I

…

L

−51

−58

−30

4.52

<0.001

1,666

 

Crus I

…

L

−46

−48

−32

4.39

  
 

Crus I

…

L

−42

−42

−33

4.11

  

  Right caudate cluster

Caudate

…

R

18

3

16

4.01

0.050b

443

 

Caudate

…

R

18

3

16

3.73

  
 

Caudate

…

R

12

−3

22

3.72

  

  Left caudate cluster

Caudate

…

L

−18

−1

24

3.57

0.042

457

 

Caudate

…

L

−18

11

15

3.45

  
 

Caudate

…

L

−15

21

15

3.19

  

Model 3: Child, ASD > TDC

         

  Limbic cluster

Subcallosal gyrus

34

L

−12

5

−15

3.91

0.002

732

 

Sub-lobar

…

R

5

5

−12

3.90

  
 

Sub-lobar

…

L

−7

2

−8

3.80

  

Model 3: Child, ASD < TDC

         

  Right postcentral cluster

Postcentral gyrus

3

R

41

−34

63

4.29

0.028

495

 

Postcentral gyrus

3

R

35

−25

69

4.20

  
 

Postcentral gyrus

3

R

30

−34

64

4.06

  

  Left parieto-occipital junction cluster

Precuneus

19

L

−27

−82

39

4.19

0.016

546

 

Precuneus

19

L

−34

−82

34

4.01

  
 

Middle occipital gyrus

19

L

−32

−91

24

3.43

  

Model 3: Adult, ASD > TDC

         

  Right dorsal medial prefrontal cluster

Superior frontal gyrus

9

R

12

56

34

5.40

<0.001

1,192

 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

R

8

51

42

4.89

  
 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

R

5

66

9

4.83

  

  Left anterior/dorsal medial prefrontal cluster

Superior frontal gyrus

10

L

−7

56

1

4.75

0.005

561

 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

L

−7

72

−3

4.74

  
 

Medial frontal gyrus

10

L

−10

71

6

4.24

  

  Left lateral prefrontal cluster

Middle frontal gyrus

10

L

−39

51

−17

4.91

0.018

465

 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

L

−33

59

−3

4.37

  
 

Superior frontal gyrus

10

L

−31

51

−8

3.82

  

  Cuneus cluster

Cuneus

18

R

2

−84

22

4.25

0.022

447

 

Cuneus

18

…

0

−76

32

4.17

  
 

Cuneus

18

R

8

−91

14

4.11

  
  1. ASD, autism spectrum disorder; TDC, typically developing control; BA, Brodmann area; L, left; R, right; ellipses, not applicable; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute. aStatistical threshold was all set at FWE-corrected cluster-level P < 0.05, with cluster-forming voxel-level P < 0.005. bTrend-level significant.